Hidden Fraud in Trollope’s The Way We Live Now :: Literature Fortune Papers

Hidden Fraud in Trollopes The Way We Live in a flashHamilton K. Fisker supplies the impetus for rolling Augustus Melmotte onwards into almost unprecedented commercial splendor (Trollope 1.324). While his character occupies very little record space, Fisker functions as the particle accelerator which sets the novels financial ventures in motion Melmotte rolls because Fisker has pushed. Not only(prenominal) does Fisker bring the Great S revealh Central Pacific and Mexican railroad line (or at least the prospectus) to England, that he also delimits the board members single-valued function in the venture. He places Melmotte, the novels great financier, in intrust and repels capital of Minnesota Montagues desire to involve himself as an active manager in the railroads daily operations (1.217). Fisker rejects capital of Minnesotas attempt to oversee the Mexican Railroads actualization by arguing that building railway lines does not concern an investor such as Paul But Fiske r got the smash of him and put him down. Fortune what fortune had either of us? A few beggarly thousands of dollars not worth lecture of, and b arely sufficient to enable a man to look at an enterprise. And now where are you? look here, sir theres more to be got out of the smashing up of such an affair as this, if it should smash up, than could be made by years of hard work out of such fortunes as yours and mine in the regular way of trade. Paul Montague certainly did not love Mr Fisker personally, nor did he relish his commercial doctrines but he allowed himself to be carried apart by them. (1.85) If Fiskers momentum rolls Melmotte, it carries away Paul, and the force of Fiskers rhetoric subjugates Paul to his commercial doctrines Fisker put him down. Fisker gets the better of Paul by making speech subservient to lucrative economical principles. He does not want Paul to enforce honest practices in the railroads financial transactions. Fiskers first commercial d octrine, then, declares that we should plow small investors not worth talking of. Since small, individual investments financed the majority of side railway ventures in Victorian England (Robb 36), Fisker essentially declares that the Mexican Railways investors should not receive any narrative attention. Even though Paul does not love Fisker or respect him personally, Fiskers dominant narrative carries him away. Similarly, even though The Way We Live Now cynically satirizes deceitful business practices, Trollope takes Fiskers declaration that a few thousand dollars are not worth talking of to heart.

Literature Review Celebrity Chef Essay

This polish up should become all germane(predicate) facts or so the subject and facilitate practiti whizzrs and highlight beas for get on research. In short eminence mug is about endorsing results with the help from a notoriety. Consumer link towards a credit endorsed produced adds their purchase intention as some(prenominal) see the repute as a role model. However, it is important that the consumer feces identify with the celebrity and that the celebrity? s image fits with the produced he or she endorses, only then will celebrity backing be an in set up(p) advertisement strategy. . 2. Background and Definition Nowadays, celebrities argon utilize in advertize in almost every context. Athletes such as Michael Ballack (Adidas) or tiger Woods (Rolex) or models such as Cindy Crawford (Omega) or Heidi Klum (Katjes) endorse some(prenominal) products. These celebrities act as a spokesperson in order to bear on and promote products (Kambitsis et al. , 2002). Celebriti es base create more than dogmatic resolutions towards ad and great purchase intentions than non-celebrity subscribers (Byrne et al. , 2003).Using celebrity as an endorser for a inclined product washbowl either be domineering or disallow for a company/brand. A prevail that turned out successfully was the prevail with Jamie Oliver as an endorser for the supermarket chain J. Sainsbury. The successful format of the TV production The naked chef provided an ideal platform to use for the advertising campaign within a context relevant for J. Sainsbury? s desire (Byrne, 2003). An theoretical account of a campaign that did not turn out successful was when J. Sainsbury used the actor John Cleese in the value to shout about campaign in 1998.Employees and customers alike felt that Cleese was not the right field personality to be the supermarkets note image (Whitehead, 2003). In the books on that point are two contrasting definitions of celebrity endorsers used. The definition s used are A celebrity endorser is an individual who is known to the in the public eye(predicate) (actor, sports figure, entertainer, etc. ) for his or her achievements in areas other than that of the product class endorsed. (Friedman, 1979, p. 63) Any individual who enjoys public apprehension and who uses the recognition on behalf of a consumer good by appearing with it in an bear onment. McCracken, 1989, p. 310) In other words these definitions says that an individual who is known to the public in variant ways. The individual is famous and utilizes his or her publicity to advertise a product that does not have anything to do with the individual fame. I consider McCracken? s definition as the most informative one as it is short and concise. The definition gives a clear view of what a celebrity endorser is. Previous studies have been done on consumers? response to celebrity phiz in advertising.Results of these studies show that celebrities make advertising presumptive and enha nce message recall. Furthermore, when celebrities are recognized with brand names, it creates a positive post toward the brand and a distinct personality for the endorsed brand. In the future(a) chapter the method used for this review will be introduced. The chapter will lift out with how a literature review is defined, followed by the literature search, method problems and tonus standards. 2. 1. Definition of literature reviewConducting a literature review is about understanding a topic that has already been addressed, how it has been researched by other authors, and what the advert issues are (Hart, 1998). According to the author Chris Hart (1998) the definition of a literature review is the selection of available documents both published and unpublished (in my review I will only study published academic documents), on the topic, which contains information, ideas, data and evidence written from a particular standpoint. 2. 2. Literature search, methodology used When searching for articles I used the databases Emerald, Ebsco and ProQuest.These databases were used because of the highest ranked journals in the field of marketing were listed there. I used the article Journal quality list (2008) issued by Harzading. com, research in international and cross-cultural management. highschool ranked journals increase the validity of the thesis, as validity is defined as The ability of a scale or measuring instruments to measure what is think to be measured(Zinkmund, 2000). I also tried to find books relevant to the topic by using the library here at Les Roches planetary School of Hotel management as well as the library database google. scholar. . 3. translation of sub-topics Purchase intentions Describes what impact the celebrity endorser has on the consumers purchase intentions. A consumer is more likely to purchase complex or expensive products which are endorsed by celebrities rather than by non-celebrities. Daneshvary and Schwer (2000) point purchase inte ntion as an environment of associations between endorsement and consumer, depending if the consumer can identify with that association and purpose. Consumers? association to celebrity endorsement/endorser How consumers accessory/have a friendship towards the celebrity endorsement/endorser.If a company want a consumer to associate to an endorsed product it is important to choose an endorser who uses the product and where that use is a reflection of professional expertise (Daneshvary and Schwer, 2000). A formula 1 driver endorsing helmets is good, while a tennis player endorsing car polish is little good (ibid). Consumers? attitudes towards the endorser The consumers? often have a positive attitude towards the product and the celebrity, despite the fact, that it is well known, that the endorser earned a toilet when promoting the product (Cronley et al. 1999). Effectiveness of celebrity endorsement/endorsers How sound is the usage of celebrity endorsement. It is, most likely, more effective to use celebrity endorsement evermore to increase the strength of the link between the celebrity and the endorsed brand. It is also more effective to use a celebrity who is not associated with another product (Till, 1998). Positive/negative effect of celebrity endorsement the usage of celebrity endorsement can be both positive and /or negative, which can influence the company / brand in the end.For example, using celebrities can be very costly also, celebrities might switch to a competitor, which would then increase the risk of a negative impact (Agrawal and Kamakura, 1995). However, in can be said that celebrities in advertising are widely spread and permanent and the marketing executives continue to utilize celebrity endorsement as an advertising strategy (ibid). Profitability of celebrity endorsement The use of celebrity endorsement will hopefully lead to increased profitability.A study indicates that there is a positive impact of celebrity endorsement on the pass judgment future profits, which recommends marketing managers to use celebrity endorsers in their advertising campaigns (Agrawal and Kamakura, 1995). Friedman/Friedman (1979)Does intensity of celebrity endorsement depend on the product? querys with 360 house wives famous person endorsements are not effective for all products Till (1998)What are the do of celebrities endorsing more than 1 product?Case study with 99 students, who were shown different advertisings using the same celebrity endorserThe use of the same celebrity endorser to advertise for various products has got a negative impact on the aptitude of the ad, the product and the endorser. Atkin / Block (1983)Is celebrity endorsement effective in advertising and how does it influence customer purchase intentionsExperiment with 196 test persons, where each participant was shown 3 versions of an ad. Each version featuring a celebrity endorser and a non-celebrity. ad using celebrity endorsement is under spare conditions more effective than using non-celebrities. Choi et al. (2005)How can celebrities be used successfully in advertising? How effective is the recall-value and the emotional response to celebrity advertising? Experiment with different groups of test persons. Advertising with celebrities is more effective than using non-celebrities under special conditions. Sanbonmatsu / Kardes (1988)How does the credibility of a celebrity affect the consumer get intention? Interviews with 542 persons.Consumer purchasing intentions are more effected using celebrities than using non-celebrities. Tripp et al. (1994) How do consumers try the celebrity endorsement, the ad and the brand, if the celebrity endorses various products? What are the effect on purchasing behaviour? First Study interviews with 461 students. Second Study Interview with 10 test persons. Simultaneous advertising trough the same celebrity has a negative effect on the ad, the product and the celebrity. Agrawal/Kamakura (1996)Which economic al effects on advertising are there when using celebrities?Event-Study in regards to the effects on take prices trough the announcement of celebrity endorsementCelebrity endorsement can have a positive and a negative effect on share prices. Agrawal/Kamakura (1995)Can a single celebrity have a positive effect on the company? s value? Analysis of the share price of a company after announcing a celebrity endorserCelebrity endorsement can have a positive and a negative effect on share prices. Charbonneau / Garland (2005)How does a company find the right celebrity endorser for its products? Which criteria should be considered? Questionnaires 414 marketing managers at 148 advertising companies.

Jim Crow Laws in to Kill a Mockingbird Essay

Whites Rise, Blacks FallNot only a Finch waiting on tables, but one in the courthouse lawing for n*****s (135). This is an insult clearly said by Mrs. Dubose, a fictitious quality introduced by Harper downwind in To Kill a Mockingbird. It is unequivocal from Mrs. Duboses statement that blacks atomic number 18 secernd against in Maycomb County, Lees fictional setting located in Alabama. The Jim exult laws cause the inequality in the Maycomb community. The laws keep Negros from having the same rights as ashen citizens She ran to the front porchshes speculate to go around in back (124). Scout, another fictional flake created by Lee, is stating this. She is referring to the point that their black cook, Calpurnia, is going to the front door of a neighbors house instead of the back. The Jim Crow laws plainly apologize that no Negro is supposed to go to the front of a livid mans house blacks have to knock and enter from the back. Lee illustrates that the racial Jim Crow laws enf orce segregation on social treatment to blacks and n*****-lovers in To Kill a Mockingbird.Negroes are considered as dispute due to the influence of the Jim Crow laws. Mrs. Dubose mentions Your father is no better than the n*****s and trash he works for to Scout one afternoon. (135). At this point in the trading floor, Scout is almost accustomed to having insults thrown at her, but this is the first one from a mature adult. (136). collectible to the Jim Crow laws, blacks and hoi polloi who try to restore a bit of equality are given ghastly names. genus genus Atticus, another fictitious character of Lee and is in like manner Scouts father, tells Scout that n*****-lover is just one of those ground that dont mean anythinglike snot-noseignorant , trashy people use it when they think somebodys favoring Negroes over and above themselves. Its slipped into usage with some people like ourselves, when they want a common, hapless term to label somebody (144). Negroes and white citizens who do not discriminate against blacks are given the nicknames n*****s and n*****-lovers. Those who try to own life better for a benighted citizen are victimized on with the blacks. now hes turned out a n*****-lover well never be able to walk the streets of Maycomb again (110) Most of the white population gets to be inhumane whenever blacks are mentioned in a discussion. Atticus does not get why reasonable people go hard raving mad when anything involving a Negro comes up (117). Many colored citizens do not receive any education because of the Jim Crow laws. Atticus said that Calpurnia had more education than most colored folks (32) Due to the Jim Crow laws, the whites preside and discriminate against the Negros for a very long and glowering period.In Lees To Kill a Mockingbird, there is cover evidence of the effect of the Jim Crow laws on her fictional characters and setting. The blacks in the story are bullied by most of the white population. The segregating laws preven t education for the blacks and fastness day-to-day privileges that whites receive. Most of all, the Jim Crow laws counteract fairness and equality.

Operating Plan Essay

We pull up stakesing First move in major tube metropoliss. get downing with Bangalore. and so Mumbai. Delhi. Chennai. Goa. Pune. Kolkata. Gujarat and so forth After Targeting to these metropoliss. we forget seek to aim the rural India which is about 70 % of India. How will we advance?We will advance through ADVERTISEMENT in ONLINE FORUM. SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES. Loc whollyy celebrated Theaters. Souvenirs given to clients. App Stores. humanoid market apps. brand MEDIA which is about read by every other individual normally. the likes of Hindu. Times of India. etc in Bangalore and besides whatsoever local trade names etc. What will be our gross revenues publicity activity?Peoples would be able to book a whole new wave for home plate acquire together. a birthday party with their moving pictures. counter tiffin or dinner etc all made available in the coach. with some preliminary engagement of minimal 7 yearss. Besides if a school or college wants to demo a educational reappraisa l. or a documental to their pupils. the team may recognise attention. travel to school and demo assist them with all things they needed with anterior engagement. We will be besides publishing a bandstand on balls which will be a three mag one-year base on balls in which you can see film thrice a month with that base on balls delivering every square up you come. This will be chiefly for our twenty-four hours today clients. The one-year base on balls will besides incorporate vouchers for free Zea mays everta. or some price reduction on repast and besides some other value added services.How Will We Sell?Our chief purpose is to do net income with making a strong client relationship. We will interchange our Tickets through our ain web site. Bookmyshow. com. After some clip in long term we will do our ain apps in Iphone. mechanical man market. Ipad etc. The Timings will be pre decided. and a hebdomads timetable will besides be decided. which will demo non merely new films. but some times a educational movie. and local linguistic communication movies of the metropolis we operate in. Where will we park?We will park our cinevan in a short hold from our clients place. A soap of 1 kilometer far in every vicinity we decided. We will park someplace where there is ample of countless for vehicles to come and travel. This will assist in modulating the traffic. We will besides take anterior permissions for all our topographic points. etcHow will we acquire our moderate?We will import in the beginning and so we will seek and perform our squad and add some interior decorators who can plan our enlighten which will be more broad etc. our current train will suit around 70 people at a clip.How will Caravan be like?Caravan will be a coach which will hold a same have it off as if you are sitting In a multiplex. The Acoustics section will be taken attention of and a finest of all will be used at that place.

Early Christian Music Essay

Singing is an congenital part of worship to God. Even the creation itself was accompanied by the interpret of morning stars (KJV, Job 387). So, practice of medicine and telling were a live part of the Israel and in the Old Testament we may find numerous confirmations of this fact. Jesus Himself sang sings with His disciples before His sufferings (Matthew 2630).During the Apostolic Era, relation in temple and synagogues still united the Jewish nation, and the apostles urged the believers to sing psalms, when anyone is merry (James 513), and in his letter to Corinthians, when he mentioned about the order in the congregation, capital of Minnesota wrote that everyone of you hath a psalm, hath a doctrine (1-Corinth. 1426), where psalm is mentioned first. Psalms became the chief(a) source texts for Christian harmony and liturgy establishment. Christianity, which originated from the Middle East and had spread head throughout the roman Empire during the first five centuries A.D. , was founded on the ground of the Jewish religion and, therefore, its key practices, such as the sacrificial conception and worship, are rooted and were formed from the traditions and commandments of the Old Testament. The center of Church render became Christ, the Lord. euphony was not limited by female genitaliaons or regulations it was simple and exalted, connective the loving souls. Love to the Savior Jesus Christ was so plenteous that the first Christians were aware of the tiniest step towards worldly and pagan influence therefore, pomposity and coddle of roman music did not attracted them.The basis of singing in the early church was music of the Temple in Jerusalem the intonate of words from the Scripture. One was leading, while the whole congregation repeated him. early(a) Christian singings included speaking to themselves in psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, singing and making melody in their hearts to the Lord (Eph. 519), which delineated a two-part singing by-turn being filled with the Holy Spirit, Christians were making and singing new songs, like the new song to honor the Lamb in the Revelation of John. Pliny the Younger, the Roman appointee in Bithynia, in his report to the RomanEarly Christian Music Page 2 Emperor cx A. D. , had found out that the activities of Christians are not anti-social and their meetings are simple and deject with singing a hymn of praise to Christ, as God. During the Roman persecution, Christians were agonistic to make services in catacombs the walls of these galleries still keep the images of singers and, moreover, the texts of hymns.Monotonous music of hymns was amazing in its austerity and exaltation at the same time. musical theater instruments were not allowed because of their heathen usage. On the first council of Nicaea in 325, the persecuted church became the introduce one. Therefore, singing and worship, staying monotonous, was supplemented with such chants as Gallican France, Mozarabic (Vi sigothic) Spain, Old Roman, Ambrosian, and Sarum use England (Norton, 2002) and was influenced by home(a) differences.The second council in 381 had excluded non-Christian singing, for Christian music, enjoying the freedom for decades, had been loosing its vitality and simplicity. 100 eld later, Manlius Severinus Boethius had written a five-volume book on music De institutione musica (Fundamentals of Music) where he had conclude writings and findings of Greek authors (Nicomachus, Ptolemy, Pythagoras, Euclid and Aristoxenus).Boethius had divided music into three categories musica mundane describe the universe, planets, seasons music of the spheres musica humana described the interrelations of body and soul musica instrumentalis described music performed with the encourage of instrument or voice (Norton, 2002). He claimed that music must be a representation of harmony, knowledge, and order. St. Ambrose and St. Gregory the Great played the most significant spot in the devel opment of early Christian music they have left over(p) the patterns, which are now called Ambrosian andGregorian chants, though the founders themselves had no spirit to establish a canon. Ambrose, the bishop of Milan, realized the need to enrich the monotonous hymns Early Christian Music Page 3 cognitive operation and wrote a number of hymns for his church, which reproduce the psalms of David in verses. He show bright images, using a manifold oratorical language of Cicerone, Horatio and Vergilius.His music was simple and close to folks one. He introduced antiphonal singing, cognise in Jerusalem Temple, which represents a by-turn psalm singing of soloist, while the pass off of congregation is refraining (antiphon) the verses. Besides, Ambrose had put a foundation for eight voice let out in the West. The original form of Ambrosian chant is still unplowed in native Milan. Pope St. Gregory I, a son of roman Senator, who refused to coiffe these worldly passions, and, having sold his possessions, entered the St. Andrews monastery, became the first monk, who was elected to be the pope. be devoted to liturgy, which was aimed at prayer and teaching, he advanced the plain singing as a sacred music and stressed on the sizeableness of church music as an outer manifestation of faith that can raise mans heart to spiritual level. This form of monophonic chant became a standard of monastery (Office) and public (the Mass) worship, as well as other services, and had been sung by choirs. This very chant had replaced Old Roman chant in Rome and has been revised and developed until the tenth deoxycytidine monophosphate A. D.The singing itself started with halleluiah the victorious exclamation of Christians after two and a half(a) centuries of persecution. Its best samples were composed at the end of 5th century (between the invasions of Goths and Lombards), in the epoch of wars, destructions, plagues, famine, disasters such horrifying that Gregory supposed them to b e the signs of the end and presages of the last(a) Judgment. Yet, this singing is filled with peace and faith for the future. Therefore, the Early Christian Music was written in times of persecutions and hardships and was aimed to inspire and give faith to believers.That is wherefore the chants and hymns of that time still restore the souls of mankind and are the basis for main(prenominal) services in the most of Christian world. Works Cited Holy Bible, superpower James Version. Plume, 1974. Norton, W. Music in the Early Christian Church. compendious History of Western Music. 2002. W. W. Norton & Company. 11 Apr 2008 <http//www. wwnorton. com/college/music/concise/ch1_outline1. htm>. Ward, Justine. The tidy of Church Music. The Atlantic Monthly 04 1906 1-10. 11 Apr 2008 <http//www. musicasacra. com/publications/sacredmusic/pdf/ward. pdf>.

Military customs

Military politeness Is simply the display of ethical manners and politeness In dealing with other people. Military courtesy conveys respect from both subordinate and senior to each other. Men of coat of arms have used some take a shit of the military hail as an exchange of greeting since the earliest times. It has been preserved and its use continued in completely modern armies which Inherit their military traditions from the age of knightliness.The method of version the salute has varied through the ages, as It still varies In trunk between he armless of the world today. In the age of chivalry the knights were all mounted and wore steel armor which covered the body completely, including the foreland and face. When cardinal friendly knights met, it was the custom for each to raise the visor and uncover his face to view of the other. This was continuously done with the right hand, the left(a) be used to hold the reins.It was indicateificant gesture of friendship and con fidence, since It exposed the features and as well removed the right hand the sword hand from the bluntly of the weapon. Also, In ancient times the free hands (soldiers) of Europe were allowed to carry arms hen two freemen met, each would raise his right hand to show that he held no weapons and that the meeting was a friendly one. Slaves were not allowed to carry arms, and they passed freemen wi super Ct the exchange of a greeting. In the Middle Ages, gentlemen often went about clothed in expectant capes under which swords were carried.Upon meeting a friend, the cloak was thrown back by raising the right arm, thus disclosing that the right hand was not on the sword hilt. The Cleveland counterpart of the salutes manifested In various ways such as raising the hand when greeting a reined, tipping the hat when meeting a lady, and using a sign of recognition between lodge members. This sign is eer exchanged as a greeting between friends and is prone testamentingly. The military sa lute is given in the same manner that of over arraign in giving recognition to a comrade In the ethical profession of arms.The knightly gesture, of raising the hand to the visor came to be recognised as the proper greeting between soldiers, and was continued even later on modern firearms had made steel body armor a affaire of the past. The military salute is today, as it seems always to have been. Unique form of greeting between military professionals. RENDERING THE HAND SALUTE When on campus and in uniform, plebes result salute all plebe officers and mobile phone officers of all services. It Is suppress to accompany the salute with a word of greeting, for example, Good morning, sir. on a lower floor be examples of situations where you would salute When walking outdoors in uniform and you procession a cadet officer or cadre officer. When outdoors in uniform and when the American Flag is being raised or lowered. When in uniform, a cadet report to an officer in his office, will book his presence t the door known, enter when permission Is given, come to attention, salute and 18 Example Sir, Cadet Jones reports. He/she will remain at the position of attention until given At slackening. Upon completion of his business, the cadet will come to attention, salute, do an about face and leave.When an officer (to include cadet officer in uniform) come outes a uniformed group outside, the first cadet to recognize the officer will call Attention and all cadets will salute and remain at attention until given At relievo, Rest, Carry on, another command, or until the officer passes. If cadets are performing a work detail, only the soulfulness in charge will come to attention and salute. The detail will continue to work. When in formation and an officer (to include cadet officer in uniform) approaches, the person in charge calls the formation to attention and salute.Salutes are not rendered in the following areas or cases Indoors, salutes are not exchanged exc ept when reporting to a senior officer. When actively engaged in sports or in the middle of training. When operating a vehicle. USE OF SIR and SERGEANT All cadre and cadet officers are addressed as SIRVAMPS. As a full general rule, SirVamps is used in speaking either officially or socially to any senior. The word is repeated with each complete statement. Mimes and No should always be accompanied with SirVamps. All NCO will be addressed as Sergeant with the exception of the First Sergeant and Sergeant Major.They will be addressed by their title. Another ancient military custom dictates that you should always walk or sit to the left of your seniors. For centuries men fought with swords, and because most men are right handed, the heaviest fighting occurred on the right. The shield was on the left arm, and the left side became defensive. Men and units who preferred to carry the battle to the enemy, and who were knightly of their fighting ability, considered the right of a battle line to a stain of honor.Therefore, when an officer walks or sits on your right, he is symbolically filling the line of honor. ATTENTION When an officer enters a room occupied by enlisted personnel office or cadets, the room is called to attention. It is not proper, however, for officers to follow this custom at the approach of a senior officer. The question hence is how to get officers to attention thou the command. Generally, this is accomplished by the individual officers assuming the position of attention when appropriate or one officer announcing the presence of the senior and the other officers then assuming the position of attention.For example, if the classroom were filled only with cadet officers and the MS entered the room, one of the cadet 19 officers would announce, Gentlemen, the Professor of Military Science. likewise, instructed otherwise by the officer. PARADE REST Like Attention, Parade Rest is a form of respect given to NCO by those Junior in rank. When a Senior NC O enters an area of Junior enlisted soldiers or cadets, the room is called to at ease. All personnel should immediately go to the position of stand at-ease until told to carry-on.

Sociology Paper on Society

Sociology Final Exam Paper Sociology Paper on familiarity Human organisms argon fascinated with the world in which they live, and they purport to develop slipway to explain their experiences. People appear to induce endlessly felt this fascination-along with the intense desire to unravel the worlds mysteries-for batch in ancient times besides attempted to explain their worlds(Henslin 8). Sociology is or so understanding how nation propel as a ordering and how we, as plurality, treat our fel offset human beings.The symbolical interactionist perspective, withal k promptlyn as symbolic interactionism, directs sociologists to consider the symbols and details of prevalent life, figuring out what these symbols mean, and how multitude interact with apiece other. Although symbolic interactionism traces its origins to Max Webers assertion that idiosyncratics act gibe to their reading of the pith of their world, the Ameri freighter philosopher George H. Mead introduced this perspective to Ameri rout out sociology in the 1920s.harmonize to the symbolic interactionist perspective, flock attach meanings to symbols, and then they act according to their subjective interpretation of these symbols. Verbal conversations, in which spoken words serve as the of import symbols, make this subjective interpretation peculiarly evident. The words wee a certain(a) meaning for the sender, and, during effective communication, they hopefully absorb the selfsame(prenominal) meaning for the receiver. Words be non static things and they require determination and interpretation.Conversation is an interaction of symbols mingled with individuals who constantly interpret the world around them. Of course, anything can serve as a symbol as long as it refers to something beyond itself. Think of applying symbolic interactionism to the American institution of marriage, the symbols may allow wedding bands, vows of life-long commit custodyt, a white bridal dress, a wedding cake, a Church ceremony, and flowers. American edict attaches general meanings to these symbols, but people excessively maintain their own sciences of what these and other symbols mean.For example, superstar of the spouses may see their orotund wedding rings as symbolizing never ending love, bandage the other may see them as a just a financial expense. Bad communication can result from differences in the perception of the same events and symbols. Critics claim that symbolic interactionism neglects the macro level of favorable interpretation, which is the outstanding picture. In other words, symbolic interactionists may miss the larger issues of decree by focusing too closely on the size of the ball field in the wedding ring rather than the quality of the marriage.The perspective also receives criticism for slighting the influence of genial norms and institutions on individual interactions. According to the functionalist perspective, also called functionalism, each aspect of hostel is interdependent and contributes to lodges functioning as a whole. The government, or put up, provides education for the children of the family, which in turn pays taxes on which the state depends to keep itself running. That is, the family is dependent upon the school to help children grow up to cede straightforward conjectures so that they can raise and support their own families.In the process, the children fit law-abiding, taxpaying citizens, who in turn support the state. On the other hand, Functionalists recall that society is held together by social consensus, or cohesion, in which members of the society agree upon, and work together to achieve, what is best for society as a whole. Emile Durkheim suggested that social consensus takes one of ii forms, one being Mechanical Solidarity, which is a form of social cohesion that arises when people in a society maintain similar values and mental pictures and imbibe in similar types of work.Mechanical solidarity nearly commonly occurs in traditional, simple societies such as those in which everyone herds kine or farms. The Amish society exemplifies mechanical solidarity. In contrast, the other being natural solidarity, which is a form of social cohesion that arises when the people in a society argon interdependent, but hold to varying values and beliefs and engage in varying types of work. Organic solidarity well-nigh commonly occurs in industrialized, more(prenominal) than immense societies such as those in large American cities exchangeable New York City.The functionalist perspective achieved its greatest popularity among American sociologists in the 1940s and 1950s. man European functionalists victorly focused on explaining the inner workings of social order, American functionalists focused on discovering the functions of human behavior. Among these American functionalist sociologists is Robert Merton, who divides human functions into two types, manifest functions are intention al and obvious. The manifest function of attending a church or synagogue, for instance, is to worship as part of a spiritual community.With common sense, manifest functions become easily apparent. A sociological progress in functionalism is the consideration of the relationship between the functions of smaller parts and the functions of the whole. Functionalism has legitimate criticism for neglecting the negative functions of an event such as divorce. Critics of this perspective also claim that the perspective justifies the status quo and complacency on the part of societys members. Functionalism does non gain people to take an ready determination in ever-changing their social environment, even when such change may benefit them.Instead, functionalism sees active social change as undesirable because the various parts of society will compensate naturally for any problems that may arise. The conflict perspective, which originated in the first place out of Karl Marxs writings on split up struggles, presents society in a unalike light than the functionalist and symbolic interactionist perspectives. While these latter perspectives focus on the positive aspects of society that contribute to its stability, the conflict perspective focuses on the negative, conflicted, and ever-changing nature of society.Unlike functionalists who defend the status quo, avoid social change, and believe people cooperate to effect social order, conflict theorists challenge the status quo, encourage social change, and believe rich and powerful people birth more control of society than the misfortunate and the weak. contravention theorists, for example, feel that society should have a more equal balance to it, meaning if the rich have more money than less fortunate people, they should share the wealth. American sociologists in the 1940s and 1950s generally ignored the conflict perspective in favor of the functionalist.They also expanded Marxs idea that the observe conflict in s ociety was strictly economic. Today, conflict theorists find social conflict between any groups in which the potential for variety exists, such as racial, sex, religious, political, and economic. Conflict theorists note that unequal groups usually have conflicting values and agendas, make them to compete against one another. This constant competition between groups forms the notion of how our society as a whole is constantly changing.Men, especially in todays society, are seen as the more serious and intelligent sexuality enchantment muliebrity are seen as the warm, caring, and responsible gender. As run of the work women did before beginning car sales show that approximately had traditional womens careers, such as teaching, waitressing, social work, retail sales, and secretarial jobs. These occupations primarily involved service to others and paid low wages(Henslin 205). This is especially true in the United States, in which umteen states have low wages for women and hig her wages for men.Men tend to have a job that requires strength and knowledge, whereas women are classified as either the stay at home, nurturing mother, or the waitress or secretary like how Helene Lawson discussed in, Down to worldly concern Sociology. The supposed fundamental differences between sexes have historically been used as an argument against equal rights, notably in the op side to womens suffrage. More of late Neuro-scientific researchers have claimed that essential differences between the male and feminine brain have been uncovered, evidenced by neuro-imaging that suggests differing brain structures.The differences are how women and men tend to act, and how they act differently in society, therefore society views them differently and discriminates. However, the research is not as clear as it may first appear, no instrumentalist of a study can be isolated from the affects of socialization. The widely held belief that male and female brains function in different sli pway is found upon the conclusions of a small minority of studies, conclusions usually dismissed. Sociologists have relied upon the notion of a universal, innate, human nature, a nature that includes gender divisions, in society.Our society is patriarchal, our institutions, our traditions, our everyday lives, are filled with examples of men in positions of authority over women. You are born and take your returns sur separate. You marry, and tradition holds that a father gives away his daughter to become the wife of a man whose name she shall adopt. Until very recently, it is the man in a relationship who holds financial control, and the woman who takes the right for the home and the children.When a woman goes out to work she earns, on average, usually less than her male counterpart, is less likely to receive a promotion, and is likely to receive a smaller pension. If a woman is a wife and/or mother, she will also, on average, continue to take responsibility for the home and the f amily in addition to her paid employment. The decisions made on our behalf by representatives in unions, councils, and governments that are made predominantly by men. Despite the now higher proportion of female law graduates to their male counterparts, our legal administration remains dominated by men.Equality differences can even be seen at birth, where male babies are described as being smart and strong, and the female babies are often given pink clothing, and referred to as cute, warm. To when they grow up, being a female baby, beauty is important, Its sad but true that pose school teachers tend to judge their pupils largely on the basis of their looks(Henslin 344). These associations, unstated in our society, have deep implications when it comes to gender equality.Research has demonstrated that when equally pendent men and women apply for identical jobs, the gender associations of the vacancy is a key factor in determining who will be successful, women therefore are at a dis advantage in many areas of employment from the outset, as the attributes of a successful worker are typically seen as masculine, while a woman may be perfectly suited to the role in question, her talents are far less likely to be acknowledge than they would be in a man.Feminism, which is the idea of equality between men and women, has become more prevalent because of the fact that women are being handle more as sex symbols than people in advertisements and in society in general, in the U. S. Feminism is a mis creationion, when thought of as women are break-dance then men so they should have more rights, it is in general just equality. The feminists just want to have, equal rights at heart the current political and social structure(Tuana 1).Feminists had movements dating back to the sixties, that were against inequality between genders, The National Organization for Women forms in 1966, petitioning to stop sex requisition of want ads and one year later to request federally fund ed child care centers(Tuana 1). Women and men function as human beings in the U. S and in society in general and should be treated as equals, not discriminated because of ones sex. Social stratification in American conjunction is not clearly defined or determined, nevertheless social scientists has create a socio-economic stratification of the American society.Americans believe in a three-class society, the rich, poor and the bosom class and nearly Americans consider themselves as middle class. In reality American society is more diverse and there is an prolonged difference among people. The basic determinants that make social class are wealth, education, income and occupation. some sociologists have divided the American society in six unadorned categories including rich or the upper class, upper middle class, lower middle class, lower class and poor and under class.It is believed that the people who belong to the same social class share similar social positions, similar ways of thinking and life styles, others oppose this idea and believe that we cannot generalize mark of the people to one another. Social class creates a hierarchy for the people of each class, as a way of identifying which level each psyche falls in. ace of the indications of the social class in America is income in terms of either individual or household and is one of the most important indicators of social class. Most students from working-class homes who are striving to better their situations in life become discouraged at the many obstacles in their paths(Henslin 383). Families who have two income earners are in a better position for their children to succeed in school. Per capita income, which marrow the amount of money allocated to each individual member, is also another important determinant in social stratification. It can be said the families who have fewer members are in a better position.Another indication in social stratification is education in which there is a relatio n with the occupation and income. Higher education means that one needs money and to pay tuition, so it is clear that most of the time the families who are better off can afford a better education for their children, they can pay for better schools and private schools, colleges and universities. As the result there is connection between money and education for a higher chance to succeed.One of the most prominent features of social class is culture, people of the same social class tend to have similar ways of behavior even though this behavior and culture is not something fixed. on that point is diversity inside the same social group as well. One of the important terms in American culture and literature is the concept of Social Status. Another important characteristic of American social class is achieved status rather than the described statues, it means that regardless of his or her original statues, one can become rich and successful and climb the social ladder.But in reality this idealistic view cannot be completely true, many people of color are still suffering the racial prejudices and as a result they cannot have the proper education and a good occupation which is perhaps the most important class component. These people have lower income and the cycle will continue to the later generations. Despite the alive injustice and inequalities, America is considered land of opportunity. Thought this belief is exaggerated, Americans have change their economic situation with their hard working and persistence. Despite what sociologists call a deficit of cultural capital, through determined hard work, native ability, and application some members of the working class manage to attain social mobility(Henslin 383). The different social classes can define ones income, occupation, and the kind of friends one would make, usually these classes do not mix socially, the upper classes will not mingle with lower middle classes and middle classes tend not to ally with low/p oor classes.From the sociological perspectives, regarding symbolic interactionism, functionalism, and conflict theory, to feminism and gender equality, to social stratification, these similar aspects of sociology define how we as humans perceive each other and how society is structured into different classes and how gender plays a important role in society. Sociology has different perspectives from each sociologist, ranging from Max Weber to Durkheim to Frazier to Karl Marx. Society works on a basis of how each member of it chooses to act, and how the certain classes interact with each other and form us, as human beings. mistakable essay Our Changing Society

Feminist Epistemology Essay

Abstract In this paper I crumble the electric emf of Allison Jaggars suggestion that senses in general, and criminalise emotions in accompani custodyt, be incorporated into libber epistemology. Jaggar advocates a standstill theory of emotions, and suggests that the emotions of the oppressed in item atomic number 18 solelyeviateful rather than inimical to acquiring association. I entreat that although thither be slightly potential enigmas with Jaggars approach, these problems argon common to standpoint theories and send away be addressed by applying the solutions reargond by other feminist theorists.One common criticism do by feminist epistemologistsi is the critique of handed-d give birth epistemologys nonions of objectivity and neutrality. As Naomi Sche serviceman puts it, in traditional epistemology those who ar taken to be in the best point to know be those who be believed to be nonsubjective, distanced, sedate, independent, and non excitedly rational (3-4).ii According to Allison Jaggar, the expiration of this theoryion of the knower in modern epistemology is a sharp character amidst reason and emotion where reason is privileged because emotions argon viewed as impulsive retorts that distort our rational observations of the world, which in turn distort the association we burn gain from these observations (1992). She further argues that this none contri exclusivelyes to the denial of womens epistemological authority since women argon associated with emotions and men with reason, and so men became the standard by which epistemological authority is judged.This is just wiz of m each c at a timerns feminist epistemologists sh be. However, in that respect argon many dis interchangeableities between feminists as to how to deal with the problems in traditional epistemology. iii One approach that I go forth focus on in this paper is feminist standpoint theory, specially the standpoint theory offered by Jaggar in Love and Knowledge Emotions in womens rightist Epistemology. What Jaggar aims to accomplish in her paper is to go close bridging the gap between emotion and fellowship through the suggestion that emotions whitethorn be helpful and even necessary rather than inimical to the device of knowledge (1992, 146). The bridge she wants to build includes a methodology for bring outing diagonales of the dominant convention that leads to wrong assessments of the world. This methodology relies on the nonion that built in bed abide be altered by the way one is situated in the world, particularly how ones situatedness can affect ones excited perspective and answer.I will explain the concept of stimulated perspective and resolution in a moment, but I want to jump none that the type of emotions she withdraws ar classic to feminist epistemologists ar reveallaw emotionswhich are wound up responses that do not follow or conduct the set and norms we have been taught to accept. Becaus e outlaw emotions are usually a proscribe response to norms and value, they can help us identify which biases are make errors in our methods of seeking knowledge.The point that Jaggar wants to make clear up is that impartiality in our epistemic methods is impossible, thitherfore, we should exceed up on the notion of impartiality and head for the hills towards identifying biases that will better snuff it our epistemic enterprisingnesss. There is much logical phone line between feminists over the potential of feminist standpoint epistemologies, yet, I find that Jaggars methodology warrants some consideration. iv However, because she offers just a sketch of how emotions faculty be incorporated into epistemology, there are some fits of her theory that are problematic.The first problem is that standpoint theories come along to neglect the differing experiences of particular individuals at detectt crowds by trying to speak rough the experiences of these groups in general. The second problem is that Jaggar compulsions to address how to distinguish which outlaw emotions could potentially further feminist interests from the other emotions, outlaw or otherwise. The general aim of this paper, whencece, is to initiate an investigation into whether Jaggars proposal will be a red-fruited endeavor for feminist epistemologists.The more specific aim of this paper is to point out some of the potential problems that arise from her theory, as a feminist theory, and to offer some potential solutions for these problems, some of which are solutions that feminists have previously utilise to answer similar problems in other feminist theories. 1. Jaggars peck Jaggar argues that theories that make the distinction between reason and emotion as it pertains to knowledge are dislocaten in that they falsely assume emotions are involuntary responses that can be separated from reason.Jaggar contends that most emotions are societally constructed, intentional, and can in fluence our perceptions of the world. For example, when someone feels offense at a slight from a takeoff booster, this anger arises not as an involuntary response, but rather there is a judgment fundament made about the way friends ought to abide and the response of anger is the appropriate emotion that corresponds with ones expectations creation disappointed.We form beliefs about what constitutes a slight by a friend at the said(prenominal) time as we learn what our society values as appropriate friendship behavior and appropriate responses to unlike experiences consecrate affection as a response to respect from ones friends and anger to disrespect. The idea that emotions are constructed suggests that socialization influences our appraisals of the world and the judgments we make are a lot emotional responses to observations that reflect the norms and values of our society.For example, when someone tells a jocularity the expected response is for a person to be amused. Howe ver, my being amused by a joke conjectures a number of social conditions. For instance, when we see to it some intimacy like a priest, a rabbi, and a duck walk into a bar we immediately feel an anticipatory amusement, since we recognize this as a joke formula. v If I do not recognize this formula then my lack of understanding could cause me to not cope the same social experience as the other people who are hearing the same joke.Second, in tramp to find the joke amusing I must(prenominal) not only understand the language in which the joke is told, but also the content of the joke. I must share the same appraisal of the world in order to actually be amused by the perforate line. Third, emotional responses are neither automatic nor passive in the sense that we have no control over them. I may be amused and laugh at a joke of this type. However, I may not laugh if I find the joke to be in bad taste even though not express feelings when amusement is anticipated often creates mome nts of social tension and discomfort.The important thing to note here is that in both cases whether or not I am amused can be a deliberate sensible decision. From this example, we can see why Jaggar suggests that, every emotion presupposes an evaluation of some aspect of the environment while, and conversely, every evaluation or appraisal of the situation implies that those who share the evaluation will share, ceteris paribus, a predict adapted emotional response to the situation (1992, 153).Just as I would have to share a similar appraisal of the world in order to understand the punch line of a joke, I am also influenced by those preconceived notions to think the joke is funny. At the very least, I am lettered to some extent to recognize a joke when I hear one and laugh when I think laughter is the expected response.Jaggar thinks it is important to recognize that emotions play a role in how we seek knowledge, given up that if we maintain the distinction between emotion and reas on in epistemology, then this distinction will influence whom we think are considerably epistemic agents namely, dis choleric investigators who can keep their emotions from interfering with their observations. Ironically, because the notion of a dispassionate investigator is considered the ideal, we are biased in our assessment of who is a good investigator and who is not.Note that Jaggar is not saying we are not being impartial enough in our assessment of investigators rather she is saying our bias in favour of the dispassionate is inhibiting because emotion is an essential part of knowledge. Moreover, the distinction between emotion and reason is problematic, as Jaggar points out, because reason has been associated with members of dominant political, social, and cultural groups and emotion with members of subordinate groups, like people of colorand women (1992, 157).The result of the false distinction between emotion and reason is that it produces a myth about investigators that functions in a circular build where the myth reinforces the oppression of those who are perceived as emotional, while the oppression reinforces the myth that it is bad to be emotional. In order to give a full method of accounting of what it authority to be a good investigator, then, we should realize how emotions function to produce passionate investigators who are time-tested observers.The first point Jaggar thinks a full account should include is that in many ways emotions are socially constructed in a way that reflects the norms and values of our society, and that this emotional construction influences our evaluations and observations of the world. The second aspect of the social construction of our emotional constitution she wants to point out is that our emotional construction is not complete in the sense that there are people who do not always respond to or evaluate particular situations in a manner that reflects social norms and values.Jaggar calls these unconventional emotional responses and evaluations outlaw emotions, and states that they are usually experienced by subordinated individuals who pay a disproportionately high price for maintaining the status quo (1992, 160). However, when the distinction between emotion and reason is maintained biases against emotional responses in general and unconventional emotional responses in particular, are disregarded.For example, a woman may feel anger or fear when a sexist joke is made, but when she tries to juncture her opinion she is told either that she did not understand the joke or that she has no sense of humour. Thus, when the distinction is maintained it makes it difficult, if not impossible, to realize that the joke is not funny because it is based on a negative stereotype. That is to say, it is not acknowledge that the stereotype and the expected emotional response is dictated by the true norms and values.Furthermore, because a woman, who may already be identified as a bad observer, is pointi ng out that there may be a mistake in our way of thinking, her response is disregarded as emotional and unreli sufficient, and the autocratic norms and values go unquestioned. 2. Jaggars Methodology and Potential Problems The benefit of ridding ourselves of epistemologies that do not acknowledge the role of emotions, both conventional and unconventional, is that we can begin to recognize which norms and values are causing harmful biases and negative stereotypes.Furthermore, Jaggar claims that feminist outlaw emotionswhich are outlaw emotions that incorporate feminist perceptions and valuesare particularly useful in feminist epistemology because they can help in developing alternatives to prevailing reality by motivating innovative investigationswomens liberationist emotions provide a political motivation for investigation and so help determine the selection of problems as well as the method by which they are investigated (1992, 161).Although Jaggar meant to offer a rough sketch of some of the wobbles that need to be made to our epistemic theories and practices, I think there are some potential problems that need to be addressed. For one, I think she necessarily to say more about how we should determine which emotions will lead to fruitful norms and values, and which emotions we should reject. To her credit, it seems that Jaggar recognizes this is a question that demand to be addressed given that she tries to give reasons for why certain alternative perceptions of the world, perceptions informed by outlaw emotions, are to be preferred to perceptions informed by conventional norms (1992, 161).She claims the reason womens outlaw emotions should be given consideration is because women are not members of the group that conventional beliefs about emotions privilege. Given that women experience the consequences of not being privileged, they are not as likely to adhere to these norms without question. Hence, they are better able to articulate the negative asp ects of their experiences because they do not fear that this questioning of norms will threaten their privileged status.The problem with this response is that it does not seem to to the full answer the question, because some outlaw emotions will not provide reliable guides to identifying biases, and so the difficulty will be distinguishing which emotions are reliable from those that are not. In order to give a more robust argument for why we should give special consideration to the emotions of oppressed people she needs to first address the fact that the oppressed do not share one perspective.As pointed out by Marilyn Frye, one problem with making claims about the standpoint of womens emotional perspectives is that such claims seem to presuppose there are universal types of emotionsoutlaw or otherwisethat are consistent throughout the emotions experienced by women. Frye notes that this is a mistake often made by feminists given that it is common for epistemological theories to espo use that all knowers are essentially alike, that is, are essentially like oneself one thinks that one speaks not just as oneself, but as a merciful being (35).What happens in feminist theorizing as a response to this attitude is feminists be hap convinced they need to speak as Women in order to be taken seriously. As Frye points out, feminists often face the difficult delegate of trying to articulate the circumstances, experience and perception of those who are historically, materially, culturally constructed by or through the concept women. But the differences among women across cultures, locales and generations make it clear that although all female military man may live lives shaped by the concepts of Woman, they are not all shaped by the same concept of Woman (36).vi The point I want to stress from this passage is that not all women will experience the same emotions in the same contexts because we are formed by distinct concepts of Woman even though women in general face op pression in one form or some other. In response to the problem of womens differing experiences, Frye suggests feminists approach epistemology with a dissimilar methodology. That is, a methodology that will allow women to give meaning to their own experiences even though they are not experiences that are shared by all women.Part of this project entails that feminists give up the notion of a universal womens experience. Another part is that they listen to many different womens experiences and look for patterns of similarity. Frye suggests this methodology will result in the sideline The experiences of each woman and of the women collectively generate a new meshwork of meaning. Our process has been one of discovering, recognizing, and creating patternspatterns at bottom which experience made a new kind of sense, or in instances, for the first time made any sense at all.Instead of bringing a phase of dubiousness to closure by summing up what is known, as other ways of generalizing do, pattern recognition/constructions opens fields of meaning and generates new interpretive possibilities. Instead of gulp conclusions from observations, it generates observations. (39) I think this methodology will be helpful in pointing out the outlaw emotions that can offer guidance as to which of our norms and values are questionable, and opens a dialogue over potential ways to change them.The methodology Frye advocates can be further developed if we consider potential ways in which women can express their experiences such that patterns can be recognized. One approach that I find particularly convincing is offered by Morwenna Griffiths. Griffiths suggests that feminist epistemologists can employ autobiographical accounts of womens experiences as a means of articulating the differences between womens experiences. Like Frye, Griffiths also notes that there is no one experience common to all women.However, Griffiths further claims that, individuals are not entirely of one group or another. On the contrary, individuals are fragments of an uncertain number of groups (62). The conclusion she draws from this point is that it is an oversimplification to limit the types of knowledge military mans can attain into categories like womens knowledge. One person can experience oppression from the perspective of more than one position. To name a few, one may experience oppressions from the perspectives of a particular race, class, gender, or versed orientation, and intersections of these.For example, the oppression experienced by a native woman is not the same as that experienced by a native man or that experienced by a white woman. Hence, Griffiths suggests that ones positions in the world at different times can open to her understanding of the world, which in turn will influence the knowledge she can acquire about the world. Noting the different positions from which an individual can have experiences and acquire knowledge is important because it suggests that th ere can be similarities between the positions we subscribe and the individual experiences we have.This potential to have similar experiences of the world further suggests that similarities in experience make it the case that we are not completely denied admission charge to other peoples understanding of the world. The reason Griffiths thinks autobiographical accounts are a crucial feature of feminist epistemology is because the way in which individuals come to find similarities in experiences is through language. To further clarify her point, she argues that, language has a considerable power to determine what we see and do, but this power is not absolute. We also create new language, by working on the languages in which we live.Individual experience can be used in creation knowledge in combinations with the experiences of others. Groups can develop languages of their own if they share particular psychosocial, social and linguistic experiences. Thus women in society, for instance, who share particular positions within it can develop a way of talking about this. (66) In short, Griffiths suggests that language is key to feminist epistemology because it points out how women with different experiences can in time come to some consensuses on the oppressions they experience and the knowledge developed from these experiences. 3. completionI think that if we incorporate Griffiths and Fryes approach on Jaggars theory what we will find is a more tenable response to questions about which outlaw emotions can be regarded as being particular to women namely, patterns of outlaw emotions that feminists have recognized through the expression of different womens autobiographical accounts. And once we can start pointing out the commonalities between the different perspectives that arise from the standpoint of different women, we can begin show that there is something about womens reality that makes it the case that they are experiencing the world other than than men.I have n ot even scratched the surface with respect to bounteous a detailed explanation of exactly how Jaggar thinks a fully working(a) theory of outlaw emotions might look. However, I am assuming that once theorists start admitting that emotion is an integral part of epistemology the intricate details of how to identify fruitful outlaw emotions will be worked out. For instance, we might be able to start identifying patterns of emotions that could be considered outlaw emotions and which norms and values that they are a response to.And this recognition will further our abilities to start questioning the norms and values that guide our epistemic practices. I think this is the sort of thing Jaggar had in heed when she states that the benefit of bridging the gap between emotion and knowledge is that our emotions, when properly accessed, may render to the development of knowledge, so the growth of knowledge may contribute to the development of appropriate emotions (1992,163).The development o f this project may be soggy and arduous, but given the problems that exist in traditional epistemology I think Jaggars project seems worthy of consideration as a potential contributor to a solution. NOTES i For the purposes of this paper I will equate feminist epistemologists with feminists philosophers of science given that there are many overlapping interests between the two. ii For similar arguments, particularly with respect to how positivism had contributed to the notion of the ideal objective knower, see Jaggar (1992) and (1983), especially pp.355-358 Code (1993). iii As noted by Louise Antony, For discussions of epistemological frameworks available to feminists, see Sandra Harding, The Science Question in Feminism, (Ithaca, N. Y. Cornell University Press, 1986), especially pp. 24-29 bloody shame Hawkesworth, Feminist Epistemology A Survey of the Field, Women and Politics 7 (1987) 112-124 and Hilary Rose, Hand, Brain, and Heart A feminist Epistemology for the Natural Scienc es, Signs 9, 11 (1983) 73-90. (Antony 2002, Note 3).iv For discussion of Feminist vantage point Theory, see end On (1993) Harding (1993) Longino (1993). For a more general epitome of essentialism in feminist theorizing, see Spelman (1988). v Thanks to Elizabeth Brake for clarifying the distinction between the emotion of amusement and the behavior of laughter, as well as supplying me with an example of amusement anticipation. vi Jaggar does mention that she is speaking very for the most part of people and their emotions, as though everyone experienced similar emotions and dealt with them in similar ways (Jaggar 1992, 157).And she further notes that it is an axiom of feminist theorythat all generalizations about people are suspect (Jaggar 1992, 157). So she does, at the very least, seem to recognize that she may fall prey to Fryes criticism. However, she goes on to argue that making generalizations about the emotionality of women is part of how the epistemic authority of men is p erpetuated, and she does not address the issue of how she should deal with the problem as it applies to standpoint theory.I find this particularly odd given that in another work she claims that part of the project of feminist ethics entails that feminists be smooth to the fact that all women are not similarly situated in such a way that universal claims can be made about them even though there are commonalities between womens situatedness at times. (Jaggar 1991). So, although I am uncertain as to why she does not deal with problems that might arise from this issue as it applies to standpoint theory, I gather that she would welcome rather than reject feminist theories that could aid her in avoiding this problem as it would apply to feminist epistemology.BIBLIOGRAPHY Alcoff, Linda, and Elizabeth Potter. 1993. Feminist epistemologies. new-sprung(prenominal) York Routledge. Antony, Louise. 2002. Quine as a feminist the radical import of naturalized epistemology. In A mind of ones own 2nd edition, ed. Louise M. Antony and Charlotte E. Witt. Colorado Westview Press. Bar On, Bat-Ami. 1993. Marginality and epistemic privilege. In Feminist epistemologies. See Alcoff and Potter 1993. Code, Lorraine. 1993. Taking subjectiveness into account. In Feminist epistemologies. See Alcoff and Potter 1993. Frye, Marilyn. 1996. The possibility of feminist theory.In Women, knowledge and reality 2nd edition. ed. Ann Garry and Marilyn Pearsall. New York Routledge. Griffiths, Morwenna. 1995. Feminisms and the self. New York Routledge. Harding, Sandra. 1993. Rethinking standpoint epistemology what is self-coloured objectivity?. In Feminist epistemologies. See Alcoff and Potter 1993. Jaggar, Alison M. 1992. Love and knowledge emotions in feminist epistemology. In Gender/body/knowledge. ed. Alison M. Jaggar and Susan R. Bordo. New Brunswick Rutgers University Press. . 1991. Feminist ethics projects, problems, prospects.In Feminist ethics. ed. Claudia Card. Kansas University Press of Ka nsas. . 1983. Feminist politics and human nature. New Jersey Rowman & Allanheld Publishers. Longino, Helen E. 1993. Subjects, power and knowledge description and prescription(prenominal) in feminist philosophies of science. In Feminist epistemologies. See Alcoff and Potter 1993. Scheman, Naomi. 1993. Engenderings constructions of knowledge, authority, and privilege. New York Routledge. Spelman, Elizabeth V. 1988. Inessential women problems of exclusion in feminist thought Boston beacon light Press.

Chemistry of Coffee Essay

Before cocoa is whanged, it is referred to as parking lot umber. The green burnt umber is primarily made up of caffeine, lipids, carbohydrates, proteins (amino sexually transmitted diseases), and organic dits (although inorganic acids hold proscribed in drinking chocolate as intimately). These groups ar quite stable in the green phase, and it is the carbohydrates, proteins, and acids that will undergo significant responses during roast to produce hot chocolate. The beta groups of carbohydrates in beans be from the monosaccharides and the polysaccharides found in beans.The disaccharide Sucrose (C12H22O11) also plays a vital role later on in drinking chocolate. Generally speaking, Monosaccharides pose the simplest take ins of scrapes, such(prenominal) as glucose and fructose, and usually follow the underframeula Cx(H2O)y. These sugars serve as building blocks for polysaccharides like starches and cellulose, which are usually long repeating manacles of a rudiment ary unit or monosaccharide. All together, carbohydrates re evince intimately 50% of green hot chocolates base. amino acids are present in green coffee bean at levels of about 10-13% of dry matter.Amino acids are molecules containing an amine, a carboxylic acid group (an organic acid that contains at least one carboxyl group of COOH) , and a aspect chain (a chemical grouping that is attached to the main group and is special to each compound). Lipids represent around 11-17% of coffee. They do not play a huge role in the chemical processes of creating coffee- kind of, they act as conductors of tone and taste later on in the coffee process. Caffeine, an astringent stimulant, develops in coffee as a defense mechanism in the coffee plant. Its content remains stable throughout roasting and brewageing.It is highly pissing soluble. Finally, green coffee beans contain numerous acids. Chlorogenic , Citric, Phosphoric, and Quinic Acids represent some of the most important acids in th e green coffee bean. A small bar of acetic acid is also present before roasting. It forms when the coffee reddish is fermented to remove the outer pulp. Other than Phosphoric acid, the major acids at train in coffee are organic. Roasting Coffee Overview In the firstly phase, the addition of coffee beans drastically drops the temperature of the roaster. The process is endothermic as the beans gain heat to cook off moisture.Around 100 degrees Celsius the temperature stabilizes as piss turns into steam. This leads to an step-up of pressure. Once the moisture content has been brought down, temperature add-ons rapidly once again, and the counterbalanceion goes exoergic as sucrose begins to molder at around 190-205 degrees C- forming steam and CO2. The increase in pressure from this reaction bursts the cells of the bean as the bean recrudesces. This crack causes the bean to almost double in flock. The process goes endothermic again until about 225 degrees C and beans crack once again. This increases volume again.Subsequent roasting pushes lipids through the cells to the surface of the bean, and as the bean roasts farther pst the second crack, the volume of the bean decreases callable to decomposition. Chemical Processes during Roasting Caramelization- Caramelization occurs when sucrose begins to decompose and causes the first mechanical crack of the coffee bean. The sugars produce peeing and carbon dioxide during the reaction, nevertheless also color and aromatics like furans (responsible for caramel- like aromas) and HMFs (hydroxymethylfurfural) (responsible for pure, sugar aromas).As the sugar caramelizes further, the aromas increase, besides the original taste of sweetness decreases. The Maillard Reaction- The Maillard reaction (discovered in 1912) is the reaction that takes place during the browning of any food. This reaction varies wildly depending on the specialised reactants- It happens in seared meat and toasted bread as well as roasted coffee beans. Despite the fact that the reaction comes out with too many an(prenominal) variants (and too many unknowns) to go into extreme detail, basic principles govern the reaction for all variants.At its most fundamental form, the Maillard reaction is the reaction that occurs between a reducing sugar and an amino acid. Proteins are all made up of amino acids, so all proteins conduct the potential to undergo the Maillard reaction. The reducing sugar required for the reaction is any sugar with an aldehyde group. Sucrose is not a reducing sugar, so its numerous other sugars like fructose, lactose, and glucose that undergo the process. The sugars and amino acids react to form molecules called melanoidins that realize the brown color characteristic of the reaction.The process is complicated because opposite sugars and variant amino acids produce different compounds. Futher complicating the browning process, the new compounds (melanoidins) react even further creating new substan ces. The Maillard reaction is the cause for many of the evaporable aromatic compounds characteristic to coffee, as well as other non-volatile compounds. Strecker Degredation-Strecker degradation falls under the scope of the Maillard reaction. It is an intermediate step in the boilersuit process, and involves amino acids.Rather than reacting with reducing sugars like the basis of the Maillard reactions, it requires a carbonylic compound as a reactant. The reaction yields CO2, an aldehyde, as well as an amino-ketone. This process is a significant intermediate step because it yields two products that are hugely responsible for the different smells of coffee. The Formation and Decomposition of Acids- From the four frequent acids found in green coffee beans- Chlorogenic, quinic, citric, and phosphoric two decompose and two increase.Chlorogenic acid (C16H18O9) decomposes by 60% to form caffeic (not to be mazed with caffeine- not the same thing ) and quinic acid. The decomposition of chlorogenic acid in the coffee bean is directly proportional to the length of roasting. It also occurs later on in solution once the coffee has been brewed. Citric acid decreases as a result of the roasting process, it is is unable to withstand the roasting process, further its content does not convert later it has been roasted (it doesnt change with brewing).The acid diminishes quickly as roasting levels pass the light roast stage. Phosphoric acid increases with the length of roasting, however scientists are still indecipherable as to why the phosphoric acid increases rather than simply remain stable throughout the process. Other notable acids that are formed when coffee beans are roasted are lactic acid and acetic acid, these acids form due to the decomposition of polysaccharides during and following the first crack stage. Coffee create from raw stuff and Taste.Approximately 28% of the components in roasted coffee beans are water soluble. 72% are insoluble. Brewing a cup o f good coffee depends on the balance of drawion of these components. Extraction below 16% is associated with weak, peanuty coffee, piece of music extraction over 24% leads to a bitter brew. Taste of coffee depends on the degree of carmelization the coffee went through during roasting, the acidity of the cup, and the aromatic compounds such as aldehydes, ketones, and furans.As mentioned before, carmelization increases the aroma of the coffee, but lowers the boilers suit sweetness of the cup. The overall body or weight of coffee simply has to do with the amount of dissolved particles in the cup. Darker roasts generally have much body to them because the lipids have been brought to the surface of the bean, and are therefore more readily brewed into the coffee. A more acidic brew (not a literal term- it depends on the acids types present in the brew, the pKa, anions species present, and the buffering capacity) lends a lighter to the mouth.Below are some common acids associated wit h the different impression notes that accompany an acidic taste in the cup. -Phosphoric acid has been associated with enhancing the brightness of the coffee, although there is still dispute over which acid contributes the most to the overall acidity, especially because the majority of phosphoric acid is neutralized with the straw man of potassium once its in solution. Quinic acid provides a cleanness to the brew in low quantities, but in excess leads to bitterness and astringency -Caffeic acid is generally bitter and harsh.-Citric is bright and floral in moderation, but excess is overly sour -Acetic acid can taste fermenty and vinegarish in excess but in small amounts give the coffee a winey flavor -Lactic acid is associated with a less bad bright flavor, but like citric acid, excess tastes sour -Malic acid is a less prominent acid that is known for its apple flavor As for the various volatile aromas in coffee a a few(prenominal) of the predominant components include Furans which are sweet , nutty, fruity, and caramel smelling -HMFs give off a clean sweet smell.-Ketones are floral, buttery, caramel, vanilla-y, and milky -Phenols in lower levels are spicy, vanilla-y, clove, and anise flavored, excess are associated with a woody, healthful flavor. Lipids in coffee play a significant role because many of the aromatics in the coffee bean are fat- soluble rather than water soluble. The higher the lipid content, the stronger the taste of the coffee is likely to be. This is why blue-blooded roasts generally have a stronger flavor than the light roasts (although it is also due to the increase in overall flavor compounds versus sugars and intact amino acids).Espresso brewed coffee also has a stronger flavor not only due to the increase of dissolved particles relative to the water content, but because it is brewed using emulsion rather than extraction. Emulsion involves pressure as well as water to extract the elements within the bean. The high pressure brewin g gets more lipids into the shot than a traditional extraction of pouring water over the coffee railyard would. Finally- caffeine has a mildly astringent flavor. It was not discussed much in this paper because caffeine is relatively stable and doesnt change from green coffee to roasted coffee.Caffeine level is merely dependent on the caffeine present in the coffee cherry when it was picked and the amount of coffee brewed in ratio to the water. Contrary to popular belief, it is not actually the front end of caffeine that contributes most to the bitter flavor of coffee. Rather, it is a compound called trigonelline (C7 H9NO3), an alkaloid, and its products after degradedation during roasting, that are given the most scientific credit for coffees bitterness.

A Stylistic analysis of ‘Under Milk Wood’ by Dylan Thomas

A rhetorical analysis ofUnder milk woodsby Dylan doubting doubting doubting doubting Thomas. by Dylan Thomas.The object of this paper is to stylistically analyzeUnder draw Wood( 1954 ) by Dylan Thomas. I aim to dress what Thomass influences upon his spiel were and how he uses literary techniques to make a piece of literary maneuver which is so appealing to the senses. I provide in like manner associate these repeated stylizations to Thomass historical and cultural background in invest to derive a abounding externalize of his life at the fit out of composing. Dylan Marlais Thomas was born on the 27Thursdayof October, 1914 in Swan sea, Wales. Thomas is responsible for a immense organic structure of work during his short life nevertheless, his close celebrated piece of authorship isUnder take out Woodwhich was published in 1954.Under draw Woodis non entirely Dylan Thomas most celebrated piece of work, but it was in like manner his last.During his childhood, Thomas spe nt the bulk of his life in his place town, nevertheless, all(prenominal) philiamer he was sent moody to his aunts signal in Carmarthenshire farms. This allowed Thomas to see the contrasting side to that of his busy town life and proved to hold a immense impact on the manner in which he wrote. Thomas attended Swansea Grammar School from 1925 and whilst at that place, he began to maintain diaries of poesy which he had written, and his prototypical verse organize was published in the school magazine. By the enclothe Thomas left field school at the age of 16, he had already written over 200 verse forms. ( Poemhunter 2014 )As a kid, Thomas frequently had reoccurring eruptions of bronchitis and suffered from unspeakable asthma ( Bio 2013 ) , as a implication, he was seen as excessively irresolute to contend in military personnelness state of war II and was alternatively use to compose authorities books. However, Thomas appoint it hard to populate off the detailed rewards and sought employment with a company named train Films. Strand Films created short productions for the Ministry of Information and Thomas wrote five of these in 1942. During this clip, Thomas was cat uping a aggregation of verse forms, one of which was subsequently published in 1946 asDeath and Entrances. This aggregation of verse form was inspired by World War II and trades with the effects which arise from war and was dubbed as the devising of his calling. novice Walter J. Turner verbalise that this book entirely, in my sentiment, ranks him as a major(ip) poet ( 1946 176 ) . In 1941, Swansea was bombed by the German Luftwaffe, and Thomas saw the devastation of the streets which he held beloved to his bosom and this inspired him to compose about this experience in a wireless caper which he called,Return Journey Home( 1958 ) . The Second World War appears to hold been a big influence uponUnder Milk Woodand the creative activity of Llareggub was Thomass manner of do a bonny s ense of the then(prenominal) ( 1995 19 ) where clip had been at a stall as the custodies of the clock accept stayed still at half past 11 for 50 years ( 1995 28 ) . This gives the reference the vision of a town where clip does non count and war has non been a calamity which the citizens have been forced to meet.In 1950, Thomas was invited to overbold York by John Malcolm Brinnin in order to tour the humanistic disciplines Centres in America, over a deuce-ace month period. Two old ages subsequently in 1952, Thomas embarked upon the humanistic disciplines tour one time once more, this clip with his married woman, Caitlin Macnamara. Whilst in America, Macnamara discovered that Thomas had been unfaithful on his old trip to the States and the yoke began to imbibe to a great extent and reason unrelentingly ( Poemhunter 2014 ) . The baleful imbibing ca utilise Thomas wellness to deteriorate and he shortly found himself enduring from urarthritis and external respiration troubles. O n the 3rdof May, 1953, whilst in America, Thomas preformed an unfinishedUnder Milk Wood( 1954 ) at Harvard University on his ain. He so performed once more, this clip with a full dramatis personae of histrions, at The Poetry Centre in New York on the 14Thursdayof May 1953.Upon his return to Wales, Thomas completed the drama and it was performed to the full for the first clip at The Lyric Theatre in Carmarthen, Wales on the 8Thursdayof October 1953. On the 19Thursdayof October, 1953, Thomas flew back to America in order to pass the finished drama, nevertheless, unluckily, on the 5Thursdayof November, 1953 Thomas was admitted to St. Vincents infirmary after a tally of bad wellness, with acute alcoholic encephalopathy ( Poemhunter 2014 ) and slipped into a torpor before go throughing off on the 9Thursdayof November 1953. The calamity of his passing at any rate meant that the BBC was now unable to get pull down with the cinematography ofUnder Milk Woodwith Thomas as the join ( 195 4 ) .A Play for vocalisations is the caption ofUnder Milk Woodand this helps to de destinationine the genre of it highly good. Although the drama was specifically written to be a wireless production, it is non a typical drama. The most important divergence from the normality of a drama is that it is unusual for a drama to hold a storyteller. In a phase drama, the ideas, feelings and scenes are conveyed straight to the audience via the characters utilizing duologues and monologues. It is self-evident that the drama is a dramatic production and contains all of the properties which we would anticipate to come within a dramatic school text. A play is a text which is written to be performed on phase, telecasting or wireless and allow for include staging waies, character lists, waies for costumes, and is written to be performed in the course of a duologue book.Under Milk Wooddoes comprise all of these characteristics, but alike contains facets of poesy and narrative which are unus ual characteristics of serious play.Under Milk Woodis set in a fancied town in Wales which is called Llareggub. Although the town name really sounds Welsh, it is in fact the backwards spelling of the term sodomite all. The drama illustrates the life of Llareggub s occupants over the infinite of a vague from spring, moonless night ( 1995 3 ) to the thin colored sliminess ( 1995 62 ) . The drama contains no existent action but does incorporate different episodes which are connected by the two omniscient storytellers, the first voice ( 1995 3 ) and the second voice ( 1995 4 ) . These two voices slip from character to character but they do non truly belong to the citizens of Llareggub. The voices merely present the characters to the discloseer so in consequence they are mediators for the audience and the dramatic subdivisions of the drama.The drama contains many different poetical effects, which are largely spoken by the First Voice ( 1995 3 ) and Second Voice ( 1995 4 ) . The t wo voices use similes repeatedly in order to comparability one thing to another. An representative of a simile within the drama is when Mrs reddened Owen defines Mr Cherry Owen as existence as rummy as a deacon ( 1995 26 ) . The consequence of this simile is that it highlights the inebriation of Mr Cherry Owen and draws the audience in because the audience would be shocked at the insinuation of a deacon being rummy.Under Milk Woodbesides contains many metaphorical statements. For congressman the minute pink eyed cottage ( 1995 8 ) . This metaphor gives the bungalow life qualities and personifies it leting the audience to care and link to the object despite it being inanimate. Alliteration is besides oftentimes used in order to number accent and deepness to Thomass descriptions of the small town and its mi finesseus. For case the first voice speaks about Bessie Bighead being asleep, and the voice says sleep until the dark sucks out her psyche and spits it into the sky ( 1 995 55 ) . Here, Thomas is utilizing alliterative and onomatopoetic sounds for the old lady in order to pull attending to the line.A farther poetic technique which Thomas uses is strong images which are construct up utilizing different semantic Fieldss in order to make images in the head of the audience. An illustration of this is when the first voice says Now, in her ice-berg white, holily la lowed, crinoline night-gown, under virtuous polar sheets, in her spruced and scoured dust-defying sleeping room in trig and spare Bay view ( 1995 12 ) . The consequence of this image is to demo us how clean Mrs Ogmore Prichards house is with the usage of statements such(prenominal) as ice-berg white and dust-defying bedroom . Although Thomas could hold merely said that the house was really clean, he chose to give the audience an image in their heads to assistance with clearly visualizing the scene. A farther illustration is the sloeblack, decelerate, black, crowblack, fishingboat-bobbing sea ( 1995 3 ) . The usage of such complex images and poetic lingual communication which is used by the first and 2nd storytellers gives effectual contrast to that of the ordinary, mundane linguistic communication of the citizens of Llareggub. The inclusion of poetic techniques in a piece that is meant to be dramatic creates centripetal feelings for the audience to go immersed in. They besides give Llareggub a dreamlike and charming feeling which leaves the reader with a feeling of appreciation and child-like phantasy.Thomas does non merely convey ocular images through descriptive linguistic communication, but he allows the audience to see the town by earshot to the sounds which the storytellers are invariably directing us towards. The first and 2nd voices often invite the audience to listen as only you can hear ( 1995 4 ) . There are no sound effects in the drama hence, sounds must be created by the descriptions which Thomas gives to us. For illustration the sea interruption and th e chitchat of birds ( 1995 20 ) , shrill misss giggle ( 1995 45 ) and the clippety-clop of genus Equus caballuss ..pigs are grunting, chop goes the meatman, milk-churns bell, boulder claies ring, sheep cough, Canis familiariss shout, saws sing ( 1995 34 ) . over again the consequence of this is to let the audience to visualize the town utilizing sound as an concomitant to the ocular images which he invariably feeds. Thomas uses the Welsh poetic construct of cynghanedd ( 2009 ) passimUnder Milk Woodwhich is the internal sound agreement utilizing beat, riming, vowel rime and speech pattern. The usage of this device creates swiftness and energy which drives the twenty-four hours into dark once more. A good illustration of this is Theres the, mag holder clunking or Equus caballuss on the sunhoneyed setts of the humming streets, hammering of horse-shoes, decamp quack and cackle, tomtit chirrup from the bird-ounced boughs ( 1995 34 ) .The voice of a Guide-book ( 1995 19 ) storytelle r is intended to give comparing to the first and 2nd voice storytellers. The usher is impersonal and distant in comparing to the two voices it does non feeling for to cognize the town really good and does non talk to the audience in the same mode as the first two voices do. It abuses the town and the occupants whilst looking down upon their manner of life and doing the town seem drilling and uneventful. For illustration the guide-book voice describes the little houses as prinking themselves out in petroleum colorss and the great usage of pink wash ( 1995 19 ) and describes the town as this little disintegrating watering-place ( 1994 19 ) . The Guide-book is highly negative with respects to Llareggub, and uses cliches such as cobbled streets and its small fishing habour ( 1995 19 ) to do the topographic point appear listless out and antique.Thomass usage of neologies are outstanding throughout the drama and are largely in the signifier of compound nouns and participle adjective s such as fishingboat-bobbing sea ( 1995 3 ) and jellyfish-slippery ( 1995 4 ) . The usage of these is to alter Thomas to maintain the beat in flow with the remainder of the text and give interesting ideological effects ( 2010 18 ) which paradox human linguistic communication. Page 9 through to page 12 sees Thomas use an ancient Hellenic technique called stichomythia ( 1975 143-176 ) . This is a technique which was besides famously used by Shakespeare throughout his work ( 2009 ) and comprises of two or more characters prosecuting in quick-fire address. This is besides repeated on page 28 and pages 35-36. This speedy exchange of address gives the audience a sense of velocity and picks up the gait until the conversation is over.There is a noticeable sum of innuendo nowadays inUnder Milk Woodalong with dual entendre and boylike temper. For illustration on page 60, Mr Waldo says nobodys swept my chimbley/Since my hubby went his ways/ love and brush my chimbley/Bring along your chimbl ey brush ( 1995 60 ) and Lie down, lie easy. Let me shipwreck in your thighs ( 1995 52 ) . Despite the boylike insinuation, at that place are illustrations of descriptive and mildly titillating lines. An illustration of this is The Sun hums down through the cotton flowers of her frock into the bell of her bosom and bombilation in the honey at that place and sofas and busss, lazy-loving and boozed, in her red-berried breast ( 1995 46 ) . The consequence this has upon the text is one of temper and visible radiation hearted screening of the characters making a threading bond between the audience and the citizens of Llareggub.The inclusion and intermingling of all these techniques has allowed Thomas to make an improbably sensuous piece of literary art which flows smoothly with the carefully crafted rhythmic linguistic communication and crisp pacing. Richard Burton considers Under Milk Wood to be a amusing masterpiece ( Rees 2014 ) , one that will populate everlastingly in the immortal voices of his far-out characters.Word front 2230 ( excepting bibliography )Bibliography.Biography of Dylan Thomas.( 2014 ) hypertext transfer protocol //www.poemhunter.com/dylan-thomas/biography/ Accessed ( 01/04/2014 )Drabble, M. ( 2009 )The Oxford Companion to English Literature.Oxford Oxford University Press.Jeffries, L. ( 2010 ) . Critical Stylistics The bureau of English. Basingstoke Macmillan.Jeffries, L. &038 A McIntyre, D. ( 2011 ) Teaching Stylistics. capital of the United Kingdom MacmillanOToole ( 1975 )Analytic and Man-made Approaches to Narrative organizein Style and Structure in Literature. United kingdom Blackwell.Thomas, D. ( 1954 )Under Milk Wood. ( The Definitive edition 1995. ) London Everyman.Thomas, D. ( 1958 )Return Journey Home. Hammersmith Lyric Theatre.Thomas, D. ( 1946 )Death and Entrances.United kingdom Jackdaw Books.Turner, W. J. ( 1946 ) . The Spectator. Pg. 176. The Spectator.West, J. ( 2009 ) .Welsh Poetry Part I Cynghaneddhypertext transfer prot ocol //allpoetry.com/column/7546199-Welsh-Poetry &8212 -Part-I-Cynghanedd &8212 by-Welshbard ( accessed 30/03/2014 )Rees, J. ( 2014 )Why Under Milk Wood is the greatest wireless drama of all time.The Telegraph.

A&E Television Networks Essay

consort to Annie Leibovitz, the picture that was chosen for the c altogether over of the magazine was not intentionally or deliberately interpreted. The picture, according to Leibovitz, was only a meter reading. (Leibovitz) However, in the end, it was comfort chosen to be cover shot for the magazine because of the run acrosss candor and unpretentious nature. We all know that John Lennon was a component of The Beatles, one of the greatest music icons of all beat.Being a component of rock band during that date meant adapting a public image or reputation that resound the rock and roll kind of life, behavior, and attitude, especially because Lennon was highly known during that time. However, Leibovitz photograph of Lennon was far from the established image of a famous musician who just happened to be part of The Beatles. The image was plain and unpretentious in the sense that in that location were no heavily implied messages or impressions.Although flock would not know who Lennon was veridically as a person, the picture seemed to portray who he was unbounded by fame and stardom. Leibovitz was successfully sufficient to capture a certain air of Lennons honest, intense but tacit efficacy and influence. Leibovitz ability to bring a certain kind of powerful, individual, distinctive, and honest personality, as reflected in Lennons image, have solidified who she was, as well as her vision and creativity, as an artist and a photographer. The Rise to FameAfter both years of working for the peal rock n roll, Leibovitz became the magazines chief photographer. From the dewy-eyed and realistic image that she took of John Lennon, she was fitting to go beyond what she knew of picture taking and evolve portrait picture taking into something distinctive and creative. (A&E television system Ne iirks, p. 1) Leibovitz had the liberty to develop and remediate her talents, but at the same time deliver photographs that bordered on inventiveness and creati vity. She began taking glamorous and clarify images as opposed to the simple and lackluster image of Lennon.John Lennon and Yoko Ono furled Stone (22 Jan 1981) By Annie Leibovitz <http//www. rollingstone. com/photos/gallery/5392223/1981_rolling_stone_covers/photo/1/large/elvispresley> The images interpreted by Leibovitz from then on were bold and modern. The picture that she took of Lennon and his wife, Yoko Ono, for the cover of Rolling Stone in January 2981, represented Leibovitz exploration of the contemporary styles and approaches to portrait photography. some other key feature of Leibovitz works was that the focus is always on incompatible kinds of bloods, personality, and emotions.In this particular image of Lennon and Ono, Leibovitz wanted to bring turn out the unbendable ties that bind the two people together as partners. Lennon and Ono also portrayed different roles within the kind of relationship illustrated in the image by dint of body language. Leibovitz sa w the esthesia and vulnerability of Lennon as he sound to Ono, and Onos strength in withstanding the cold. (Leibovitz, 2) The honest and unpretentious element represented in the picture was the strong and immovable love or warmheartedness between Lennon and Ono.As Leibovitz career advances, her works also become rabble-rousing on a grander, larger scale. Some say that Leibovitz photographs were merely image framing the glamour and glitz of a cross between Hollywood and Rock-and-Roll lifestyle as most portraits taken by Leibovitz were extremely forceful and ambitious. (Stevens, p. 99) As Leibovitz received criticisms and recognition for her works, the attention on the photographs taken by her escalated, and so did her artistic visions and inspirations.If one would take the most disputable photographs taken by Leibovitz throughout the years of her career, one common radical that brings those images together beneath a singular theme would be insidious yet artistic nudity. The e xistence of nudity in Leibovitz pictures has been one of the primary feather reasons why her works have received much attention from diverse groups and individuals, but also the reason why her visions and inspirations remain to be that of the comment of honesty and regularity through art. C Bette Midler Whoopi Goldberg (1979) (1984)New York Magazine, 1983 The Wall highway Journal, 2008 Coming to Terms with the True Essence of Portrait Photography However, disdain the artistic creation and radical messages that Leibovitz shot through her photographs, her talents were quickly categorized and judged under provocative images, which were sold and captured attention only if because of nudity. Leibovitz suddenly realized that there was something amiss from her works and she felt that she lost the ability to capture relationships, real emotions, strong messages, and such in her photographs.She believed that portrait photography should also mark the relationship of the subject to the camera and the photographer in order to set about images that are real and engaging, and not plain and empty. For this reason, Leibovitz stopped working for a month in order to figure out how she can improve her craft. (New York Magazine) Narelle Brennan Narelle Brennan As a Showgirl in Las Vegas As a fuss with her Two Children (1999) (1999)Women, 1999 Women, 1999 Taking time off work has helped Leibovitz get linchpin on her heels. Although she continued to take high-profile glamour photographs of famous celebrities for Rolling Stone and even Vanity Fair, she also focused on the non-commercial aspect of photography. In one book that Leibovitz and Susan Sontag were able to publish in 1999, she presented the depth of her artistry by taking photographs of real women from different walks of life.In this particular collection, Leibovitz was able to recapture her trademark and style in taking photographs building a relationship between the subject/subjects and the camera and the phot ographer, building a relationship among the subjects, portraying real and strong emotions, integrating images of power, strength, and influence, reality and simplicity, and personality. From the images taken of Narelle Brennan, Leibovitz was able to capture who Brennan was as a person, unbounded by her being simply a showgirl, but also as a mother of two children.The pictures were honest in such a way that it portrayed how the personalities of women budge depending on the various roles that they play. Leibovitz successfully depicted freedom, nonconformity, and the need to put blast biasness or prejudice when it comes to tagging individuals because of what they do or what they become. Furthermore, she was able to express her sensitivity in answering for Brennan, that her being a Showgirl in Las Vegas does not stand for her entire person. ConclusionLeibovitz artistry and creativity in photography have evolved through time. One may simply categorize Leibovitz skills and talents as u nsettled or inconsistent judging from the diversity of the subjects and themes of the photographs that she has taken over time. However, despite Leibovitz irregular and erratic display of her talents and skills and photography, the changes that she had to see through all those years of building her career as a photographer primarily defined her artistry and style.Leibovitz art has certainly improved through time and she was able to take advantage of all the opportunities to take photographs, make mistakes, experiment, and sympathize drama, emotions, passion, relationships, and such, into photographs, in order to develop her skills and talents as a photographer. Therefore, Leibovitz photography may be defined as flexible or adaptable, but at the same time reprehensible, strong, provocative, and forceful.She understood how the relationship between the subject, the camera, and the photographer should be developed in order to capture genuine emotions and feelings, relationships and co nnections, and bring out the dominant personalities of her subjects to add meaning to the photograph. The results were timeless and unforgettable images that would resound her inventiveness and adaptability as a photographer.Works CitedA&E idiot box Networks. Annie Leibovitz Biography. Retrieved from A&E Television Networks. 27 Apr 2009. http//www.nytimes.com/library/photos/leibovitz/brennan.html