How childhood is socially constructed Essay

When intercommunicate ourselves the question what is squirtishness? and reading virtually the subject, it can be seen that thither is no exact definition which can pinpoint an exact answer, this is because puerility is seen as fondly constructed (McDowell, 2010). Continual varying ideas about children which has led to claims that childhood is a social construction highlights that childhoods are non the same everywhere and that while all societies acknowledge that children are divers(prenominal) from adults, how they are contrary and what expectations are placed on them, change accordingly to the federation in which they live (Greene et al, 2005).This highlights that it is not possible for childhood to be a biological state but is culturally specific and varies across time and view including winning into account economic factors (McDowell, 2010). This can be seen here in the contrast of how children are portrayed and look in westward fellowship compared to non-western. Children in Africa (non-western) Let the children play (Western)This view of social construction is support in Bronfenbrenners sociocultural model of development which highlights how dissentent environmental systems impact human development. The interrelated systems help us recognise the different contexts which impact on childhood (McDowell. 2010) Aries (1962) claimed that in medieval society the idea of childhood did not exist as the child did not occupy a social status (Green et al, 2005). This is argued by Archard (1993) as cited in Green et al (2005) who had the belief that they just had different ideas about it.This contrasts with the western society view of today which places children at centre stage taking on the romantic discourse that children are and have always been slight and innocent and entitled to nurturing (Newman, 2004). A loving family This picture highlights how the western linear perspective sees childhood, placing the child as central importance. Ideas about children and childhood also differ between different sectors in society, professional bodies and g everywherenment departments which have deal to be manifested in social policies.An example of this is age restraints. Legal compartmentalisation of childhood is the main way in which society attempts to regulate and jell childhood (McDowell, 2010). Age restraints for events in life such as marriage, the powerful to vote or drink, the school leaving age, ages in which you are reprehensively responsible and the age of sexual consent have developed all over time but various legal constraints give children or youngish people different levels of responsibilities or how they should control their own actions which vary globally (Greene et al, 2005).Cunningham (2006) believes that a child can cease to be one over time which relates to age limits and laws but we are always a child to our parents. Western society, in particular its social policies, tends to focus on what children ordain b ecome, rather than childrens being. The focus is on what they will become in the future rather than the here? and? now of childhood (Morrow, 2011). In galore(postnominal) developing world countries however, childrens roles are very different. There is to a greater extent crucial importance of childrens labour to many household economies (Morrow,2011).In some countries, child labour is prevalent and, for many children, education has to upheaval around work commitments. This contrasts with the developed West, where childrens work has to fit around their education commitments. The priorities for children are different, and thus their childhoods are different. (Morrow, 2011). Overall it can be seen that there is no agreed definition of childhood without reference to the social perceptions within which it is experienced.

Are humans naturally good or evil? Essay

Fundamentally speaking, are public naturally sizeable or nuisance? This is a question that has been repeatedly asked throughout humanity. For thousands of age Philosophers cod debated whether we have a naturally good nature that is demoralise by companionship, or an curse nature that is kept in gaolbreak down by society. I believe that we are all natural what society calls evil. Our instinct is to kill and survive alone as society and elegance has evolved we have been taught to live in a different manner. We try to write out our behaviour to act civilized. Evil is our inner beast that we choose to break or be obligateled by.Jack from cleric of the Flies is a genuinely good example as he was a boy who was wellspring mannered. He agreed with Ralph about the idea of having rules amongst the boys on the island. He tell that rules are necessary as they were non heavy-handeds that they were English and they English are of all time right. As time passes, he forgets so ciety and manners. He bring abouts the savage from within, the savage that was always a part of him but was hidden. Children behave in a bad way and abide be thought of as evil but we channelise their behaviour and teach them what we call manners.We change their behaviour to suit our surroundings and the image we have make ourselves portray and disobey our human nature. The Darwin Theory clearly secernates that us humans have evolved from apes. Apes are animals that hunt to survive. We are more advanced than apes but still have a similar motive as our nature. We were natural to hunt to survive like other animals. It is us whom have evolved in such a manner that we have created society. We have taught ourselves to act in a certain way. Cavemen are the original humans. They are early past humans.They behaved in a manner that was the original purpose for them, to kill to eat, to survive. We give our nature at an early age. We show our selfishness, to want things for ourselves. Y ou only have to look at a child to see the signs of our evil trait. However, a child can be thought quickly to behave in a moral way. The child will often stick to the boundaries none at an early age for the rest of their lives. Moral acts persevere our constitution in society because of our fear of the law. Us humans are innate(p) evil but obtain our inner sanity and change our actions to become good and civilized.On the other hand, there are some who can non control their inner self and act upon their nature as they kill and break what we call the law, our societys rules. Some of us do not obey the law. This is why we have sequent killers, murderers, and criminals. Our world constantly has violence. As is proven by the constant wars happening around the world. Many race believe that media is to blame for the evil created in us. That theory is wrong as it all starts since the moment we are born as our first instincts can determine our future personalities.The media can be blam ed to trigger the evil within us but not to create it as it was always there. Even though we are born what society calls evil, some slew cannot contain their inner aggression and desperation for the kill sensation so they become a murderer. They become serial killers who react to the thrill of the chase. They sometimes fantasize for years about the type of victims and the method of the kill sooner they act upon the urges. The serial killers have been proven to have an extra X (female) chromosome. Having the extra female chromosome is also called Klinefelters syndrome.Tests have proven that serial killers carry the extra chromosome. The serial killer Bobby Joe Lang had an extra chromosome, which lead to him growth breasts during his adolescence stage. This led him to being bullied at school. This leads onto another question. Does a bad rearing trigger the evil within us? This is shown in the novel Lord of the Flies, as Piggy is a character that suffers from many disabilities such as being overweight, his sight and his asmar. His parents passed away when he was younger. He lived with his auntie and solace his sorrow and grief with the sweets from her shop.This led to him being bullied for many years not only at school but also in the island by the other boys. Piggys character was shy and sensible. He was not treated in the same way as the others because of his disabilities, which led him into disbelieve in himself, and caused low self-confidence. To conclude my essay I would like to state that out of the 7 billion people in the world, 10 cardinal of them are prisoners. I believe that all people are born evil but only some people trigger their evil from within whereas others learn to control it.

Reality and Fiction in Virginia Woolf’s “to the Lighthouse” Essay

Reality and fiction in Virginia Woolfs To the beacon I have chosen this subject because I found rattling interesting debate, and the author is unity of the greatest writers of all times. His works is heavy(a) and full, his characters be contoured such that it fascinate you. Victorian period also is one of the most famous, with most changes produced in English literature To the radio beacon is a 1927 falsehood by Virginia Woolf. A landmark raw of high modernism, the text, which centres on the Ramsays and their visits to the Isle of Skye in Scotland between 1910 and 1920, skillfully manipulates temporal and psychological elements.In To the Lighthouse ,one of her most experimental works, the passage of time, for example, is modulated by the thought of the characters quite an than by the clock. The events of a single afternoon constitute oer half the book, patch the events of the following ten years are matte into a a couple of(prenominal) dozen pages. Many readers of To the Lighthouse, especially those who are non versed in the traditions of modernist fiction, find the novel strange and difficult. Its language is buddy-buddy and the structure amorphous.Compared with the plot-driven Victorian novels that came before it, To the Lighthouse seems to have little in the way of action. Indeed, almost all of the events take place in the characters minds. Although To the Lighthouse is a radical departure from the nineteenth- blow novel, it is, like its more traditional counterparts, intimately interested in developing characters and advancing two plot and themes. Woolfs experimentation has much to do with the time in which she lived the turn of the century was marked by bold scientific developments.To the Lighthouse exemplifies Woolfs fashion and many of her concerns as a novelist. With its characters based on her own parents and siblings, it is sure as shooting her most autobiographical fictional statement, and in the characters of Mr. Ramsay, Mrs. Ram say, and Lily Briscoe, Woolf offers some of her most sharp explorations of the workings of the human consciousness as it perceives and analyzes, feels and interacts. The Transience of Life and shit Mr. Ramsay and Mrs. Ramsay take completely different approaches to support he relies on his intellect, sequence she dep destinations on her emotions.But they share the knowledge that the world around them is casualthat energy lasts forever. Mr. Ramsay reflects that even the most enduring of reputations, such as Shakespeares, are doomed to eventual oblivion. This realization calculates for the bitter aspect of his character. Frustrated by the inevitable demise of his own body of work and envious of the few geniuses who will outlast him, he plots to found a school of philosophy that argues that the world is designed for the average, unadorned man, for the liftman in the Tube rather than for the rare immortal writer. The Subjective Nature of RealityToward the end of the novel, Lily r eflects that in order to see Mrs. Ramsay clearlyto understand her character completelyshe would pauperization at least fifty pairs of eyes however then would she be privy to every possible angle and nuance. The truth, according to this assertion, rests in the collection of different, even opposing vantage points. Woolfs technique in structuring the fiction mirrors Lilys assertion. She is committed to creating a sand of the world that not provided depends upon the private perceptions of her characters save is also nothing more than the accumulation of those perceptions.To move to reimagine the story as told from a single characters prospect orin the tradition of the Victorian novelistsfrom the authors scene is to realize the radical scope and difficulty of Woolfs project. The Lighthouse assembly across the bay and meaning something different and intimately personal to all(prenominal) character, the lighthouse is at once inaccessible, illuminating, and infinitely interpreta ble. As the destination from which the novel takes its title, the lighthouse suggests that the destinations that seem surest are most unobtainable. Just as Mr.Ramsay is authoritative of his wifes love for him and aims to hear her speak words to that end in The windowpanepane, Mrs. Ramsay finds these words impossible to say. These failed attempts to arrive at some separate of solid ground, like Lilys basic try at word picture Mrs. Ramsay or Mrs. Ramsays attempt to see Paul and Minta married, result only in more attempts, further excursions rather than rest. The lighthouse stands as a potent symbol of this lack of attainability. James arrives only to realize that it is not at all the mist-shrouded destination of his childhood.Instead, he is made to reconcile dickens competing and contradictory images of the towerhow it appeared to him when he was a boy and how it appears to him now that he is a man. He decides that both of these images contribute to the essence of the lighthouset hat nothing is ever only one thinga sentiment that echoes the novels determination to arrive at truth through varied and contradictory vantage points. The Sea References to the sea appear throughout the novel. Broadly, the ever-changing, ever-moving waves analogue the constant forward movement of time and the changes it brings.Woolf describes the sea lovingly and beautifully, but her most evocative depictions of it point to its violence. As a force that brings destruction, has the billet to decimate islands, and, as Mr. Ramsay reflects, eats away the ground we stand on, the sea is a powerful reminder of the impermanence and delicacy of human life and accomplishments. Subjective Reality The omniscient narrator remained the standard explicative figure in fiction through the end of the nineteenth century, providing an informed and objective account of the characters and the plot.The turn of the 20th century, however, witnessed innovations in writing that aimed at reflecting a more t ruthful account of the prejudiced nature of experience. Virginia Woolfs To the Lighthouse is the rejoicing product of this innovation, creating a creation that is completely constructed by the collection of the triune subjective interiorities of its characters and presented in a stream-of-consciousness format. Woolf creates a fictional world in which no objective, omniscient narrator is present.There is a proliferation of accounts of the inner processes of the characters, while there is a scarcity of expositional information, expressing Woolfs perspective on the thoughts and reflections that carry the world of the Ramsays. Time is an essential component of experience and reality and, in many ways, the novel is about the passage of time. However, as for reality, Woolf does not follow time in a traditional way. Rather than a bulletproof and unchanging rhythm, time here is a forward motion that both accelerates and collapses.In The Window and The Lighthouse, time is conveyed onl y through the consciousness of the respective(a) characters, and moments last for pages as the reader is invited into the subjective experiences of many different realities. Indeed, The Window takes place over the course of a single afternoon that is expand by Woolfs method, and The Lighthouse seems almost directly connected to the first section, despite the fact that ten years have actually elapsed.However, in Time Passes, ten years are greatly compacted into a weigh of pages, and the changes in the lives of the Ramsays and their home seem to flash by like scenes viewed from the window of a moving train. This unsteady temporal rhythm brilliantly conveys the broader sense of instability and change that the characters strive to comprehend, and it captures the fleeting nature of a reality that exists only within and as a collection of the various subjective experiences of reality.

Best Sample Size for Dissertations

Survey is now a basic tool in social sciences and in some palm of specialization which reliance is from the sampling procedures. Little or unacceptable experience ordain be gained if the sample size of it is poorly designed and punish no matter how good the questions are and no matter how signal the analysis is (Kalton, 1987, p. 4). The important question of how to determine the size of the sample is spanking for estimating the parameters (Singh and Chaudhary, 1986, p. 38). Our common sense would suggest that a large sample size will be better than a small one since an enlarge in sample size will decrease the sampling error.This is non always the case because, for example, having a large sample size with a sampling frame with very similar types of respondents will just be a waste of time. Determining the topper sample size will therefrom depend on the compromise of practical constraints (i. e. money, time, ethical issues) and a priori considerations. For the simplicity of analysis, give that there are no practical constraints, the side by side(p) are the rule of thumb 1. ) If the population is about 50 or less, it is best to sample the whole population 2. If you produce to sample a population of 50 or more, then try to sample rough 30 and 3. ) If you will be using stratified sampling, aim to have at least five sampling units from each stratum or category (White, 2002, p. 65-66). With the load of work dissertation requires researchers can not suffice but to consider the practical constraints. The credibility of the study can thus be sacrificed so it must be the goal of the researcher to remark ways to maintain credibility while considering constraints.Researcher bias is another(prenominal) issue that may hinder the determination and use of sample size because unless it is a purposive sampling, samples should represent the whole population as some(prenominal) as possible. For example, a bias researcher will decide a sample size that is easy for him to gather and that is fit for his/her desired results. thither can never be a perfect or estimable sample size but there is always a best sample size depending on the nature of your study and on the given population.

Progressive Presidents Essay

At the start of the nineteenth century, a in the altogether geological era had begun that would forever veer the course of American history. This reinvigorated era was known as the Progressive era an era of assortment amongst the common worker and the exponentful giants of industry. Two major leaders that occupied this specific moment in snip were Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson. However, these prominent men had contributed a good deal to the efforts of the progressive movement each one had different personal views that driven their lift. This paper attempts to compare and contrast these mens progressive ideas aside from their actions. We leave behind start with Woodrow Wilson, in his inaugural speech, he had addressed changes in the political science to show favor towards the popular Party (Wilson, 1913). Wilson explains, by insist that the nation desires the Party to interpret and change the nations designs and views. He claims that now the government and the nat ions job are to emend and correct the carelessness and ills conveyed active by the demesnes industrialisation (Wilson, 1913). Wilson also touches on the matters that need settlement, which extends from the need to adjust the foreign tariff, the banking strategy, the industrial scheme, and the agricultural strategy. He also discusses how the government desires to protect its peoples lives with sanitary regulations, untainted food regulations, and work regulations. He stresses that there will be repairs in the financial strategy, and that Justice, and only sightlyness, shall always be our catchword (Wilson, 1913). With Theodore Roosevelts Progressive platform, he called for the direct election of get together States senators, adult female suffrage, reduction of the tariff, and many social reforms. Roosevelt, who served as the 26th prexy of the United States from the years of 1901 to 1909,he commenced on an energetic campaign as the companys presidential candidate. A key point o f his platform was the substantive Deal. This was Roosevelts concept of a society based on fair business competition and increased welfare for needy Americans (Bowles, 2011). Despite Wilsons measured successes in labor, child labor, banking, business, and farming reforms during 1914 and 1915, his New Freedom was a disappointment amongst woman and African Americans. In 1916, Wilson began pushing for a army of reforms that were in part motivated by the upcoming election. The reforms included the national Farm Loan Act, the Adamson Act, the Keating-Owen child laborlaw, and support for womens suffrage. After, 1916, Wilson recognised much of Roosevelts New Nationalism, supporting greater federal power and regulation. However, as America soon began sending military to intervene in the war in Europe, this action ended his reform ambitions (Roosevelt, 1911). Roosevelt had his successes and failures as well. Roosevelt brought about change in the meat packing industry with the Meat survei llance Act and Pure Food and Drug Act, which is due to the work of Upton Sinclair (Roosevelt, 1911). However, equivalent Wilson, he would fail to achieve any changes for women and African Americans. This occurred because of growing unfavorable judgment and his belief in African American inferiority. As for women, he did non bring about their right to vote. It would not be until the ratification of the 19th amendment during Woodrow Wilsons presidency that the suffrage movement reached its goal (Roosevelt, 1911). When Roosevelts time in office ended, he felt his chosen predecessor, Taft, would lead the country and carry on the progressive movement. Throughout his years as president, Roosevelt increasingly disapproved of his methods, and choices. One of those choices thatangered him was when Taft transferred over 1 million acres to common soldier industry. All this came to a head when Roosevelt sought to gain the Republican nominating speech to run for president in the 1912 electi on, supersedes Taft. However, Roosevelt lost the nomination, and decided to run for president anyway by forming his own party, the Bull Moose Party. Even though Wilson became the president, he stole enough votes to make sure Taft had no change in winning (Bowles, 2011). For years to come the work, Roosevelt and Wilson in the Progressive era helped to improve American life, business and make it safe and a belligerent market. These two presidents met the problems head on created by industrialization and urbanization that the government had not yet addressed. Each of them brought a slightly different approach to the concept of trusts, big business, and improving the life of the everyday person, although, they were successful in establishing new precedents in the way which the federal government would regulate these new reforms.View as multi-pages

Improve Own Practice in Learning and Development Essay

Why L&D practitioners must take away in meditative practice and continue CPD. Analyse sustain determine, beliefs and attitudes and the meet on their practice. Engaging in Reflective practice is associated with the amelioratement of the bore of care, stimulating personal, skipper growth and the closing gap between possibleness between supposition and practice. J Dewey was among the first to consider the straitss of psychology and the theory of knowledge, I compar suitabled Brookfield (1998) as his imagination explained discussing and talking and contemplating through the apprentices eyes. The appeal of the social occasion of reflective practice is that as program line and tuition are complex, and there is not one right approach, reflecting on different versions of teaching, and reshaping past and current attends provide lead to improvement.Schns (1983) reflectionin-action assists practitioners in making the professional knowledge that they will develop from their experience in the classroom an explicit part of their decision-making. Research invertebrate foot practices strongly supports the importance of the teacher/ facilitator being a highly trained, reflective professional. The importance of reflecting on what you are doing, as part of the encyclopaedism process, has too been empathised by many investigators, for example the second stage of Kolbs (1984) nurture cycle, reflective observation.Reflective observation ordure be an important cats-paw in practice based professional learning settings where individuals learning from their knowledge professional experiences, rather than from formal teaching or knowledge transfer, peradventure the most important source of personal professional development and improvement. some other way to look at it is through Lewin/Kolbs single-loop learning, and the Argyris and Schn concept double-loop learning which were mapped from the works of Ashby (1960) while working on cybernetics.Single-loop lear ning is like a thermostat that learns when it is too hot or too polar and turns the heat on or off. The thermostat can perform this task because it can receive information (the temperature of the room) and takecorrective action. Double-loop learning occurs when an wrongful conduct is detected and corrected in ways that involve the modification of an disposals underlying norms, policies and objectives. Double loop learning uses feedback from past actions to head word assumptions underlying current views. Davies (2012) explained the benefits to reflective practice Increased learning from an experience for situationPromotion of deep learningIdentification of personal and professional strengths and areas for improvementIdentification of educational fillsAcquisition of new knowledge and skillsFurther understanding of take beliefs, attitudes and valuesEncouragement of self-motivation and self-directed learningCould act as a source of feedbackPossible improvements of personal and cl inical confidence. at that place are a number of ways to admonisher your performance regularly, capturing incidental/experienced learning by keeping a self-reflective journal, by reading it over and over again I can begin to analyse achievements however sm exclusively they seem and develop a greater level of self-awareness. This is where I try to recognise the needs to rise my own learning so that a bigger benefit for the savant to progress and achieve something in their future. Firstly I identified my own preferred learning style as everyone learns in different ways. There are many ways to establish your preferred way of learning and as supported by Reece and Walker (2009), All students are individuals and no two students learn the same way.To move forward in livelihood, we all need to improve our ideas, broaden relevant knowledge and skills. getting constructive feedback (for example, learners, peers, mentors and colleagues) are important aspects of reflection. Performance in dicators of the organisation are identified, it shows whether I am current with the ways of facilitating and is it having an impact on learners. It will as well show how I am playacting, what is going well and where I need training or guidance i.e.learning Microsoft office at college, enable me to fork up computing vocational skills. Utilising the S.W.O.T analysis where I am able to identify my strengthsSupportiveJudiciousCommunication skillsImaginative and observantI am able to identify my weaknessesInability to refrain from helping being too talkativeToo altruisticThis ensures me I am performing to the best that I can and that I am meeting all the standards and expectations within the organisations policies and procedures.The guidance of a mentor is an advantage for they have had same experiences and understanding of their issues with self-development. There will be times when I will need support and advice to move my career forward and achieve life goals, so it is best to hav e an effective relationship. Some factors that help to come on an effective relationshipMutual respectHonesty and direct dialogueAcceptance and flexibilityCommitmentTrustSome shared valuesWillingness, to work through obstaclesMentoring is to support and encourage people to manage their own learning in order that they may maximise their potential, develop their skills,improve their performance and become the person they want to be (E Parsole, The oxford school of teach & mentoring)I believe that all individuals are created equally, thus all have the ability to learn equally. Resisting from a classroom culture of control, with the correct follow of care and tutoring, learners would be able to participate in classes with simplified understanding. Providing fitting feedback is an important aspect, I always try to rephrase a question with learners so not only do they understand and try to upshot correctly, they feel great when they receive feedback which motivates them to learn. Wh en I provide learners with time and billet to be aware of their own knowledge and their own thinking, student possession increases. Research shows that metacognition can be taught (Visible Learning, 2009). Using reflective practice I am able to instil values that the learner can use in their life and work.

Never Give Up

ENG COMP II Dec. 10, 2008 N ever so Give Up The Rookie is a 2002 Walt Disney film that is establish on the real- lifespan story of Jim Morris that stars Dennis Quaid in the lead role. The Rookie is also a icon that reflects not single our nations culture, unless also the collective pose we have towards believing in an singulars reveries. When a shoulder injury terminate his peanut league stumble c areer, Jim Morris resorted to the next outperform thing coaching. and Jims team, The Owls, k at virtuoso period their coach is a great b e precise player and thusly make a portion conform to to the fore with him if they win the district championship they fatality him to try out for a major-league team. Going from worst to initiatory, the team makes it to res publica and Jim is forced to outlive up to his end of the visual modality. At the age of 35 he makes it onto a minor league team and now has to deal with the pressures of a younger mans sport, life on the road and b eing uncaring from his wife and family.The pressures build and corresponding a typical Disney painting, the intake becomes orbly concern at what would seem to be the absolute last moment. Quaid, as Jim Morris, would wherefore take the mound that real same night while his friends and family watched, whatsoever from their homes barely if more or less from the stands. Morris would hence continue to play as one of the relief pitchers for the Tampa Bay remonstrate Rays over the next two seasons before officially calling it quits. The groundwork for this movie is obvious and simple neer give up on your envisages, for it is never too new-fashioned to swear in them.From the beginning of the movie we see Morris as an adolescent in a variety of locations and hold up conditions, but we always see him sky a baseball. That is until his mother cries out to him saying jemmy, your father and I consume to talk to you. By now Jimmy is hygienic aware of what his father, who i s in the U. S. Marines, is going to say. For the fourth sequence they are relocating and Jimmy has to put his tar dreamings on hold. That is until his father gets a permanent duty station in Big Lake, Texas.With a issue more exposition and rising litigate Jimmy meets atomic number 1 Sampson in the township store where he learns the town doesnt care much for baseball, but they do care about something else dreams. Henry then relates the story of the towns really beginnings and how a man with dreams of finding cover adept under his feet got the financial, and spiritual, admirer he needed from two nuns. The movie steps back in age to 1921 where the tv camera follows the nuns as they are shown blessing the field with rose wine pedals and reciting a prayer to ideal Rita, the admirer saint of impossible dreams. turn the men waited for the oil that would eventually come, they passed the time playing baseball. A a couple of(prenominal) of the men were able to fulfill only a nother dream as they got drafted into the major leagues. After hearing the story, the camera follows a teenage Jimmy riding his bike to the field where, on camera close up, he brushes off the pitchers strip and with a watch of determination and steadfastness he digs into the mound with his sneaker and lifes at the original oil well. A camera close up shows the cut on the well, SANTARITA No. 1 Completed May 27, 1923.When it pans back to Jimmy, time has moved forward 20 years, still standing on that very same mound but now as a in force(p) grown man however his look is not the same and the well has been out of operation for sort of some time. His close up look and facial expression tells us of a dream, like the oil well, that got desiccate up before its time as he digs his boots into the pitchers mound. However, as a reminder that not all is as it seems to be, the camera focuses on Jimmys transport where a medallion of Saint Rita hangs from the rear-view mirror.From the man wh o conceive of of finding oil, to the nuns who dreamed of getting their moneys worth, to the town that was founded and thrived on those dreams, to Jimmy, and to everyone whoever was or has been, they all have an individual dream they are volition to pursue. They are not unique in this, as it is something that tolerate be t carryd to, and shared with, the founding fathers of our nation. They had a dream for freedom and representation that they were free to fight and die for. Two world wars and countless others were fought for one main(prenominal) ideal to keep the dream alive.Whether the dream be for territory or freedom from oppression, it does not matter. Keeping, pursuing and satisfying the dream is within everyone of us and, as is the case with Jim Morris, it does not matter how big it takes dreams can be effectuate. The movie The Rookie serves to remind us that in todays culture that while our dreams may be individual they can, and often do, gift father than our imagi nation could ever anticipate. In our modern day, dreams are fulfilled everywhere by those unstrained and determined enough to make them happen. time these dreams may be on an individual basis, they can be, and are often, shared across the nation. One only has to look at the world of sports to harbour witness to some of the most compelling individual efforts that have a nation dreaming right along with them. Lance Armstrong won the strenuous Tour de France bicycle race seven times after vanquish testicular cancer. The 2008 Summer Olympics, where the best of the best across the world come to compete, saw Michael Phelps win a world-record eight Gold medals in locomoteming.To accomplish his dream Phelps would have to swim two major races a day, each(prenominal) day, for four days straight. And a majority of Americans would watch and be with him concussion for stroke cheering him on, praying for the dream that would come true. Closer to home, Mary Alison Milford, a Fayetteville na tive, competed in the Paralympics on the U. S. Wheelchair hoops team that defeated Ger legion(predicate) for the Gold Medal. I dare anyone to attend a championship game anywhere, and to tell me that they could not physically feel the home-town audiences presence.You can taste it in the air, it is a live electricity that raises the hair on your arm, it is the simple awe and power of the many becoming one for a dream and it is never too late to dream. Even if the dream is as individually personal as graduating from discipline with a Masters story 20 years after you first started taking classes. Dare I to dream and see the words come Laude on my diploma? I believe I just have. play Sited The Rookie. Dir. John Lee Hancock. Perf. Dennis Quaid, Rachel Griffins, Brian cyclooxygenase screenplay by Mike Rich. Walt Disney Pictures, 2002. DVD. Walt Disney Home Video. 2002.Never Give UpENG COMP II Dec. 10, 2008 Never Give Up The Rookie is a 2002 Walt Disney movie that is based on the real- life story of Jim Morris that stars Dennis Quaid in the lead role. The Rookie is also a movie that reflects not only our nations culture, but also the collective attitude we have towards believing in an individuals dreams. When a shoulder injury ended his minor league pitching career, Jim Morris resorted to the next best thing coaching.But Jims team, The Owls, know their coach is a great ball player and thus make a deal with him if they win the district championship they want him to try out for a major-league team. Going from worst to first, the team makes it to state and Jim is forced to live up to his end of the deal. At the age of 35 he makes it onto a minor league team and now has to deal with the pressures of a younger mans sport, life on the road and being separated from his wife and family.The pressures build and like a typical Disney movie, the dream becomes reality at what would seem to be the absolute last moment. Quaid, as Jim Morris, would then take the mound that very s ame night while his friends and family watched, some from their homes but most from the stands. Morris would then continue to play as one of the relief pitchers for the Tampa Bay Devil Rays over the next two seasons before officially calling it quits. The theme for this movie is obvious and simple Never give up on your dreams, for it is never too late to believe in them.From the beginning of the movie we see Morris as an adolescent in a variety of locations and weather conditions, but we always see him pitching a baseball. That is until his mother cries out to him saying Jimmy, your father and I need to talk to you. By now Jimmy is well aware of what his father, who is in the U. S. Marines, is going to say. For the fourth time they are relocating and Jimmy has to put his pitching dreams on hold. That is until his father gets a permanent duty station in Big Lake, Texas.With a bit more exposition and rising action Jimmy meets Henry Sampson in the town store where he learns the town d oesnt care much for baseball, but they do care about something else dreams. Henry then relates the story of the towns very beginnings and how a man with dreams of finding oil right under his feet got the financial, and spiritual, help he needed from two nuns. The movie steps back in time to 1921 where the camera follows the nuns as they are shown blessing the field with rose pedals and reciting a prayer to Saint Rita, the patron saint of impossible dreams.While the men waited for the oil that would eventually come, they passed the time playing baseball. A few of the men were able to fulfill yet another dream as they got drafted into the major leagues. After hearing the story, the camera follows a teenage Jimmy riding his bike to the field where, on camera close up, he brushes off the pitchers strip and with a look of determination and steadfastness he digs into the mound with his sneaker and looks at the original oil well. A camera close up shows the sign on the well, SANTARITA No. 1 Completed May 27, 1923.When it pans back to Jimmy, time has moved forward 20 years, still standing on that very same mound but now as a full grown man however his look is not the same and the well has been out of operation for quite some time. His close up look and facial expression tells us of a dream, like the oil well, that got dried up before its time as he digs his boots into the pitchers mound. However, as a reminder that not all is as it seems to be, the camera focuses on Jimmys truck where a medallion of Saint Rita hangs from the rear-view mirror.From the man who dreamed of finding oil, to the nuns who dreamed of getting their moneys worth, to the town that was founded and thrived on those dreams, to Jimmy, and to everyone whoever was or has been, they all have an individual dream they are willing to pursue. They are not unique in this, as it is something that can be traced to, and shared with, the founding fathers of our nation. They had a dream for freedom and represent ation that they were willing to fight and die for. Two world wars and countless others were fought for one main ideal to keep the dream alive.Whether the dream be for territory or freedom from oppression, it does not matter. Keeping, pursuing and accomplishing the dream is within everyone of us and, as is the case with Jim Morris, it does not matter how long it takes dreams can be fulfilled. The movie The Rookie serves to remind us that in todays culture that while our dreams may be individual they can, and often do, reach father than our imagination could ever anticipate. In our modern day, dreams are fulfilled everywhere by those willing and determined enough to make them happen.While these dreams may be on an individual basis, they can be, and are often, shared across the nation. One only has to look at the world of sports to bear witness to some of the most compelling individual efforts that have a nation dreaming right along with them. Lance Armstrong won the grueling Tour de France bicycle race seven times after beating testicular cancer. The 2008 Summer Olympics, where the best of the best across the world come to compete, saw Michael Phelps win a world-record eight Gold medals in swimming.To accomplish his dream Phelps would have to swim two major races a day, each day, for four days straight. And a majority of Americans would watch and be with him stroke for stroke cheering him on, praying for the dream that would come true. Closer to home, Mary Alison Milford, a Fayetteville native, competed in the Paralympics on the U. S. Wheelchair Basketball team that defeated Germany for the Gold Medal. I dare anyone to attend a championship game anywhere, and to tell me that they could not physically feel the home-town audiences presence.You can taste it in the air, it is a live electricity that raises the hair on your arm, it is the simple awe and power of the many becoming one for a dream and it is never too late to dream. Even if the dream is as individually personal as graduating from school with a Masters degree 20 years after you first started taking classes. Dare I to dream and see the words Cum Laude on my diploma? I believe I just have. Work Sited The Rookie. Dir. John Lee Hancock. Perf. Dennis Quaid, Rachel Griffins, Brian Cox screenplay by Mike Rich. Walt Disney Pictures, 2002. DVD. Walt Disney Home Video. 2002.

Communication Skills for Health Professionals Essay

Introduction discourse skills are important for health masters beca social function they deal with different situations and people every day. Furthermore, an example to use the confiscate communication is when the master copy has to give questioning intelligence information of an unfavourable diagnostics. For instance, the tooth doctor to give the diagnostics of oral cancer for their patient, this situation is necessary to look at correct communication to do the discourse and to give the correct funding for their patient such(prenominal) as empathy and abut.BodyFirstly, most of people who undertake a professional health is because they are in unfarovable health see to it and need special billing. Also, it is very common in dental preaching because umpteen another(prenominal) people find out afraid when to go the dentist. It is proved that many of them facial expressioning very anxious when they go to a dental discussion (Cockburn and Walters).Principally, in unfav ourable diagnostics, for example oral cancer. In this context, the health professional dupe tycoon to provide the appropriate communication such empathy. For professional to be empathy is very important for all principally in bad intelligence activity that involves patient and some measure to their family fully to give information and to dish continuing the treatment.(Mundada, 2012). A patient with an unfavourable diagnostics need of feel comfortable on various parameters and the empathy as communication theory is very adjuvant like dealing with your anxiety, expectations for your family can follow the treatment. The empathy interposes On impacts of the treatment unconscious process and the expectations of what will be the treatment. This type of communications is extremely important in case the conversation, clarify doubts and speak as will be the treatment for the patient to be aware of what can happen and not construct unexpect reactions.Secondly, it is very important f actor and has a good ability of communication such as bring up because it helps to concord psychological care during treatment. Sometimes many doctors get down difficult to deal with kind of situations such as painful, physical suffering impending death and bereavement (Cockburn and Walters, 1999). Also, it is know that many undergrade students are not trained in communications skills and many medical schools do not insist in this vitrine. Its represents the lack oftouch in a long time (Cockburn and Walters, 1999). The communication such as touch in the treatment sometimes is difficult to many doctors because they pay heed many people in the same day and they will have this situation for a long time.(Cockburn and Wlaters,1999) that occurs common factor and many times it is interfere in the patient treatment because they do not have the adequate type of this. Principally, with bad diagnostics that usually is not expected for anyone.One of the most difficult tasks for some doctor s is to break bad news to a patient, such as a diagnosis of cancer. (Cockburn and Waterls, 1999) That may causes stress, familiars problems, randy factors. The most appropriate commination skills is helpul to create a field to the patient feel comfortable and freely to do the procedure and touch in extremely important in this situation. The most important factor for the communicate is with professionalism and use the communication that can check confidence and quality of care in the patient.(Mundada,1992).Its helps the patient expects dentists to listen and understand their needs.(Mudunda,1992).ConclusionTake everything into account communications skills are essential for all health professionals. Sometimes, in medical schools this subject in not trained to undergrade (Cockburn and Walters). Also, lack of communication can interfere the patient treatment principally when is necessary give bad news that involves many emotional problems such as psychological and anxiety. Obviously, the professional cannot support all problems to their patient but give the appropriate support with professionalism and empathy and touch good cues of communication and it help the professionals to have a great weighty and attend the necessity of their patients.(Mundada and Walters).ReferenceAnnette Hannah, Ph.D. C. Jane Milliamp, Ph.D. Kathryn M.S. Ayers, M.D.S. A Communication Skills Course for undergrad Dental Students. Journal of Dental Education. Volume 68, calculate 9J. Cockburn and W. A.W. Walters. Communication between doctors and patients.Current Obstetrics & Gymecology (1999) 9, 34400 1999 Hat-court Brace & Co. Ltda.Mundada,Vikek. Effective communication skills and professionalism for better dentistepatient relationship. Indian Journal of Dentistry 2012.July e September Volume 3, Number 3 pp. 182 e 183.

Oceans and Atmosphere Worksheet Essay

The Oceans1. What is the composition of seawater?The brininess of seawater creases from 3.3 to 3.7%. When seawater evaporates it leaves behind sodium chloride, better known as table salt. The other components of seawater atomic number 18 acquired through various methods. cardinal of which is hold outing. Chemical weathering of rock releases soluble such as salts of sodium, potassium, and sulfur.2. What atomic number 18 the three major storeys (zones) found in the ocean? get out each mould briefly. The three social classs of the ocean are the come near layer, the thermocline, and the deep zone. The get up layer goes up to 100 meters deep and consists of low density, sensitive water. In the thermocline temperatures settle rapidly as it extends to depths of 1500 meters. The deep zone maintains a cold temperature of roughly -2 degrees Celsius and extends to the ocean infrastructure beyond the thermocline.3. What is an ocean current? pastureace ocean currents are caused by winds. Wind presses on the oceans surface and forces the water to move a bulky with it. These currents range from 50 to 100 meters in depth and are find outed to the surface layer. Deep ocean currents are caused by several factors including temperature and salinity, which accounts for the waters density.4. How do oceans regulate mode? in that location are several ways in which the oceans regulate the climate. The oceans act as a sink for excess carbon dioxide which helps to regulate the greenhouse imprint. in like manner there is a soup up exchange that occurs within the ocean that is exceedingly important. body of water can be heated more efficiently by the suns rays rather than bolt down. The suns rays can penetrate much further into the water. Water has a high heat capacity than land. Latent heat also variations a role, as water is frozen heat is released and as water in melt heat is absorbed.5. What causes a change in sea level?The changes in sea level can be contr ibuted to the addition or minus of water to the oceans. The additions come from the melting of stored water that come in the general anatomy of glaciers and ice caps during times of world(a) warming. Subtraction comes from the removal of water to land based frozen forms during times of global cooling.6. What causes ocean tides?Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of both the moon and the sun. The moon being close together(predicate) has a greater effect on tides. Water on the perspective of Earth closest to the moon protrusions toward the moon. there is also a bulge away from the moon on the opposite side of the Earth.7. What is the relationship surrounded by plate tectonics and the ocean floorseafloor spreading, for example?8. What are contrastive ways that earth materials are moved around in the oceans?Surf is a powerful force. It causes erosion and moves sediment from one location to a nonher. Currents are a nonher manner in which materials are transported through th e ocean system. There is a longshore current and a beach drift responsible for perturbing and transporting materials.9. What are the different guinea pigs of shorelines?Describe each type briefly. There is a rocky coast, lowland beach and barrier island, as well as coral reef. A rocky coast describes the most common type of costal welkin. This is where there are vertical quiver cut cliffs and horizontal bench cut cliffs. The erosion undermines the cliffs and sends the resulting debris into the ocean forming rough outcroppings. Beaches are not only the guts areas on land they extend into the sand in the surf zone. During low tide, sands are sometimes blown onto land creating dunes or barrier islands. A coral reef is organize in an area where temperatures exceed 18 degrees Celsius but do not exceed 30. Also they are formed only at or above sea level. Coral is a limestone reef formed by a colony of organisms which secrete calcium carbonate as their pinched material.10. Why do wa ves change as they approach shorelines?A wave changes as it approaches shore payable to the fact that a wave exists not only on the surface but also below water. As a wave approaches shore it comes into contact with the sh each(prenominal)ow sea floor and this begins to distort the loop shape of the water movement. It causes the wave height to adjoin while the wavelength shortens. atm1. What is the composition of the Earths atmosphere? communication channel is what envelopes the Earth. Air is invisible and typically odorless. Air has two highly viable components that are aerosols and water vapor. Aerosols are liquid and solid particles so splendid that they remain suspended. Water vapor in air is expressed in terms of humidity. When ignoring aerosol and water vapor these gasses, termed dry air, are collapse and known as nitrogen, oxygen, and argon. There are more gases that constrain up a very minute portion of the atmosphere but play a vital role known as carbon dioxide, neon , and half a dozen others.2. What are the four major layers of the Earths atmosphere?Describe each layer briefly. There is the Troposphere, the Stratosphere, the Mesosphere, and the Thermosphere. The Troposphere contains 80% of all actual smoke of the atmosphere. It is also the layer where all weather phenomenon take place. Most all heat absorbing gases reside here. The Stratosphere contains 19% of all atmospheres mass. The Mesosphere and Thermosphere together contain only 1% of the atmospheric mass. The thermosphere absorbs short ultraviolet wavelengths. The Mesosphere absorbs medium wavelengths. The Stratosphere absorbs long wavelengths.3. What is the greenhouse effect?The greenhouse effect is how the Earths surface is heated. Greenhouse gasses such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane absorb some of the outgoing infrared terrestrial radiation and prevent it from escaping.4. How would you describe the ozone layer?Why is the ozone layer important? The ozone layer is a prot ective area in the outer three layers of theatmosphere that protect the earth from pestiferous radiation by blocking particular wavelengths.5. What is the relationship among the Earths atmosphere, the sun, and the rotation of the Earth?The sun heats the Earths atmosphere and makes it a habitable planet. The earth is a sphere so the sun cannot warm every place on earth at once. This issue is work by the earths rotation and its rotation around the Sun.6. What is the Coriolis effect?The Coriolis effect causes anything that moves freely with respect to the rotating earth to veer off a straight path. This can be demonstrated through long range missile launches that have been known to land far from their intended targets due to the earths rotation.7. How would you define climate?Climate is an average of weather patterns over a long period of time, generally on a regional or global scale.8. How does the atmosphere regulate climate?Atmosphere regulates climate through weather patterns cre ated through the greenhouse effect. This process creates heat within water vapors and other gasses that are the main impart factors in weather. Also the filtration of wavelengths by the upper atmospheres keeps the earths climate at a more even temperature.9. What are the six global climate zones?What are the main climate effects on large number and the environment? The six climate zones are tropical, dry, temperate-humid, cold-humid, polar, and highland. Each zone is operate by solar energy which drives temperature, seasonality, precipitation which in turn fosters vegetation, . These factors make a zone habitable or non habitable.10. How do the oceans and the atmosphere act?The oceans provide a great deal of moisture for the atmosphere. This moisture is a main component in heat exchange which leads to weather patterns. Water is in constant motion and plays a vital roles in the standard of the atmosphere.

Free trade is a global public good

In acquiring a greater concord of the aforementi bingled terms, unrivaled would proceed to outline the be and put ons of lax art and any barriers that be associated with spate which open fire prohibit the adjoin of muster out stack. Once in only the above information has been given, one tush whence analyze the information and devil an inform decision on if unthaw occupation is a planetary humans legal. In defining cope, OBrien and Williams verbalize that deal out refers to the flip-flop of one commodity for an opposite.They further placed that whenever twain or more than individuals exchanges goods and go they argon engaging in the process of contend, which has been in universe of discourse since the beginning of time through the barter system. It is authorized to note that c every(prenominal)ing is an essential social activity that satisfies humans wants, of necessity and require in other words, collectible to the universe of discourse of emplo yment persons has improve their quantity of living incredibly (OBrien and Williams, 2010).It should be noted that there ar trine different forms of hatful namely domestic, intra-regional and inter kingdomal switch. Domestic trade is in like manner refers as internal trade which looks at the archiving and selling of local goods at heart the national boundaries of a particularised country. It is suppose that domestic trade functions as a link between producers and consumers and it is sub-divided into twain categories of wholesale and retail, through the exchange of goods and run.Trade is also done at the intra-regional take aim among members states of a regional axis such(prenominal) as CAROM this is importantly done to enhance regional cooperation through regional institution while primarily focusing on the economic exchange of goods and services. However, global trade is done on a such wider whereas the focus is on the exchange of goods, capital and services conducted crosswise international borders.Due to globalization, industrialization and trade liberalizing, countries be dispense withed to engage in trade at either level instead to satisfy person wants and indigences for domestic, intra- regional and international goods and services. It is logical implicationant to note the principle of trade trunk the same at all(a) level and the only difference in the above three forms of trade is the cost and this is imputable to high level of taxes and trade barriers (Donkey, 2004). Some scholars argue for the movement of ere trade since it would remove all forms of trade barriers it would allow the world to trade take overly with each other without any restriction.On the other hand, critics of assoil trade argue that drop off trade enhance exploitative condition where some nation has an unfair favour over other due to their wealth and manufacturing capabilities. This is why it is argues that in scheme, the plan of lax trade is an excellent idea merely in approach pattern it is a human devastation on small island states and developing nations, as these countries lack the economies of scale that develop nations would dedicate due to their size ND economic power (Donkey, 2004).Free trade deal be defined as the absence of government restrictions upon goods, capital, and the flow of labor between nations, which could possibly counteract the process of trade. It is believe that an favor of engaging in promiscuous trade is that it allows for nations to concentrate their effort on manufacturing specific product or service, where that nation sewer possibly ready a distinct comparative prefer (Irwin, 2009). It is expected that under a free trade agreement a bet of barriers to trade would be removed such as taxes, tariffs, import quotas and subsidies etc.If such is done, the implementation of a free trade agreement would allow foreign companies to trade their goods and service just as easy as a domestic company since they would be no restriction on trade. Additionally, it is believe that free trade will lower the prices of goods and set-vices being offer by promoting competition, creative activity and specialization of products and services within a specific region (Irwin 2009).However as noted earlier, theoretically utterance free trade sounds like a perfect model but practically speaking it is not as easy a model to replicate and this is due to the fact that ere trade has numerous disadvantages to some states that would be involve in the process of free trade. because, to leaves one to question if free trade can be insureed as a Global Public Good (JPG) but before one can answer the above mentioned question, it is crucial to experience out what is a global public good.According to the International Task hale on Global Public Goods any goods or services that are essential for survival is a global public good and it should be do available for all without any charges (www. Nautilus. Or g). Given the aforementioned explanation, it place be argued that the only global public good that is available in this world is air, since all other things in the world has a cost attach to it. However, it should be noted that global public goods is a in the altogether concept which is still in the informational stages by academics, researchers and insurance analysts.Typically speaking, a global public good is con spotred a global good when it has ecumenical benefits, covering multiple groups of society and by appendix the entire population. The foundation Bank defines global public goods as commodities, resources, services and systems of rules or policy government activitys with substantial cross-border externalities hat are important for victimisation and poverty-reduction, and that can be produced in sufficient supply only through cooperation and collective performance by developed and developing countries (www. Rollback. Org). In practical terms, the determination tha t the development community should work cooperatively to produce a desired lumber and quantity of global public goods that involves consideration of how such action should be implemented and how collective financing can be employed to check up on that the respective public good is not underselling.However, the united Nations (UN) declare that Gaps should fulfil two requirements, they must be non- vial (where both you and I can consume the good without affecting the utility either of us draw out from its consumption) and they must be non- clubbable (whereas no one can be pr crimsonted from enjoying it the good, once it has been produced) (Gaul, et al. 2003). The provision of public goods is a key element of the feel of life and environmental sustainability. The underplays Of global goods may affect prospects for economic development and threaten global economic stability, peace and prosperity.There are a number of mechanisms that are needed for the effective delivery of public odds and services in some developing countries that are rudimentary to poverty eradication strategy. However, the role of public goods in economic development has been neglected in the mainstream literature and the current views of economic development need to be enriched and complemented by considerations of global public goods to achieve sustained high-quality economic developing, and to ensure that growth translates into effective poverty eradication strategies.This is essential to achieve the Millennium evolution Goals (United Nations Industrial Development Organization, 2008). Although the Millennium Development goals are not secretaries consider as public goods by nature, attaining them requires investments in international public goods. For consequence finding a new vaccine against malaria or developing an hearty treatment for AIDS, preserving the peace or creating easier access to knowledge, promoting financial stability or establishing a more open and fair trading sy stem could ask a greater match on poverty reduction that could service in the international arena (Entailer and Trifler, 2002).There are several categories of public goods that are identified in numerous literatures which are all closely colligate to five f the Millennium Development Goals the environment, health, tribute, knowledge and governance. While it is believe that the environment, health and security are largely associated with benefits derived from reducing risk. Both knowledge and governance are primarily associated with enhancing capacity building.It is important to note that providing international public goods takes more than financial resources but rather it take takes the straitlaced regulatory framework and institutional responses to ensure their supply. And that is where the greatest shortcomings remain. The world has made enormous strides in communications and interdependence between countries, but we book not developed the policies or institutions needed t o manage these processes (Et Veldt, Hewitt and Morrissey, 2006).Free trade is regarded as a public good within the international political sparing but the international community has a green interest in realizing the benefits of trade and the free movement of goods and services, which in turn requires co-operation. Due to the lack of cooperation among sovereign rational actors in an anarchical international society, the status of free trade as a public good appear about difficult and even unlikely at times.It is assume that this occur due to the absence of central authorities within the international arena (Jones, 2002). In an international political system of individually rational actors (states) and no central authority capable of enforcing cooperation or providing public goods unilaterally, international agreements and ecesiss such as the General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade (GAIT) and the World Trade Organization (WTFO), are believed to be important and can be considered as an alternative mechanism to cooperation.The point is hat there is a need for an international authorities which cooperates to achieve global public goods. One can argue that the benefits of free trade have differed on several accounts from traditional public goods and even if one tries to modify free trade to that of the classic trade speculation it stimulates even more problematic. Therefore, this leaves one with the question of if free trade is a public good and if so how can it be modify in such a way whereas everyone can eventually benefit from its existence (Hickman and Kookiest, 1997).The status of free trade as a public good serves as a point of departure specially for neo-liberal as it relates to regime theory on international cooperation concerning trade liberalizing. It can be argued that the existence of dilemmas of collective action leads to the retardation of the provision of public goods whereas international agreements and organization had failed to establish c ooperation.The reason why the provision of public goods is so problematic is that it entails certain(a) dilemmas of collective action, such as the prisoners dilemma (base on distrust and manipulation to receive a specific benefit over others rather than cooperating) and the free rider lemma (enjoying the good without contributing to the provision of it) which are central in preventing rational actors from cooperating in the pursuit of global public goods.It is wherefore, evident that international trade requires states to cooperate in order to tear down the barriers of trade (Et Veldt, Hewitt and Morrissey, 2006). While some scholars would try effortlessly to make the dividing line that free trade is a global public good, one should note that there are a number of different barriers to trade, (politically, socially, environmentally, economically, and technologically among other). With all hose barriers against trade this leads one to ask a number of questions such as Is trade is beneficial or harmful?Should traders be free to move goods and services across national frontiers? And if trade is to be subject to all these restrictions, what kinds of barriers should be imposed and what are the given reasons for such barriers? It is therefore important to know that within the global contemporary economy, international trade touches many societies and communities through direct and indirect effects. It reaches into our homes, places of work and our recreational venues, depending on ones living arrangement and how deeply integrated ones society is within the global political economy.This is why trade is of such importance to all because it jounces us all through the simple consumption of our food to the very vesture we wear on a daily basis these are all evidence of the tremendous importance of trade across national frontiers (Jones, 2002). For one to further understand if global trade can be seen as a public good, one would need to analyze the cost and benefi ts to free trade in an international arena. The benefits of free trade have been watch over by the liberals, who believe that free read benefits everyone whereas it increases cogency and bring abouts the level of productivity.However in sharp contrast, radical and nationalist critics have argued that free trade damp national economies, create uneven development and damages the environment. It can be argued that the liberals trade theory appears to have created a high level of scruple in the minds of persons, whereas the liberals are proposing that both sides to a transaction can make a profit. Now in the minds of the average persons this appears as absurd, especially since the common view of transactions see one did gaining while the other side makes a lost.Contrary to public believe, the liberals has made a case for free trade in which all persons involve can gain, based on the theory of comparative advantage. According to this theory, countries should specialize and produce goods and services for which they possess a comparative advantage (OBrien and Williams, 2010 150). The move toward freer international trade has its roots in David Orchards classical theory of comparative advantage, which is driven by inherent differences in a countries capacity and hence the cost to produce different products and arrives.Richard definition of comparative advantage includes specialization of a product, returns of scale, product specialism and technological differences. He believes comparative advantages in returnable industries are those with high inauguration costs, making small-scale entry difficult which can lead to more gains from trade and robust economic development (United Nations Industrial Development Organization, 2008). However, mercantile systems theories argued that the arrest of a country was to increase its trade relative to that of its rivals hence change magnitude its wealth.For mercantilism, trade was a ere-?sum game with one countrys gain a like to another country personnel casualty. Contrary to other contending views, Adam Smith melodic line of absolute advantage was the first to counter the protectionist philosophy of the mercantilism who regarded a positive balance of trade and accumulation of capital as the main goal of any trade policy. Smith pointed out the benefits of international trade and the division of labor in his major work The Wealth of Nations.Smith notes that by specializing in producing what you do best and importing other goods from trading partners, one would gain both individually and collectively. It should be noted that Orchards singular effect was to demonstrate that trade was a positive-sum game in which all parties would have benefited, even if one party had an absolute advantage in the achievement of all goods and services (Hickman and Kookiest, 1997). Under a liberal trading order, trade would be undertaken by countries agree to their comparative advantage.Due to this, countries would i mprove their economic growth, become more stable, powerful and efficient since they would be specializing in the performance of foods and services in they were the most efficient producers and enabling their nonusers to buy foreign goods at the lowest prices. Based on the rules of comparative advantage, specialization would promote efficiency and increase growth, as seen in the underlying principles of the modern trade theory.However, Orchards self-reliance that differences in labor productivity were the sole determinants Of comparative advantage is in any case limiting since it focuses too much on capital, labor and land. One can also note that the theory or comparative advantage appears to be very prescriptive since it suggests that the welfare of an individual country and by extension the world ill be improved base on countries specializing according to their comparative advantage (OBrien and Williams 2010).From a liberal perspective, protectionism is inefficient since it redu ces competition, and increases the monopoly power and therefore the profits of the industries which benefit from protection. On the other hand, free trade increases the phase of products available to consumers, although ultimately it will reduce the percentage point of product differentiation in each country. The gains from trade come parlay from the greater degree of product variety and partly from the lower rice per product.The theory of free trade has emphasizes the gains or benefits from trade from a nation. There are two main aspects to be gain from the engaging in trade which are specialization which leads to increase productivity and economic growth and diffusion of knowledge, innovation and production techniques which is closely linked to international trade. Trade is seen as an railway locomotive of growth as it advances the technological progress of society making production more efficient, effective and affordable within the 21 SST century (OBrien and Williams, 2010).D espite the theoretical elegance, the theory of free trade is constantly being attacked by numerous critics. It can also be argued that free trade is meant to help surpass unfair trade barriers to goods and services as well as raise the economy in developed and developing nations. There is a popular believe that free trade will create an unfair advantage to domestic supplier and it would reduce the number of jobs created in a mercantilism society.For instance, persons within agricultural base countries have argued that industrialization has hinder their attempts to industrialise since comparative advantage dictates that they antique to import industrial products whereas they might have a future comparative advantage in the production of a specific industrial product. In such a case, one can argue that it is requisite to implement the necessary protections for local industries, until they become warlike and can reap the benefits of comparative advantage (Lamer 1994). Another argum ent against free trade is that it places the precedence of national security over trade.In other words, it is argued that countries need to seek alternative methods of acquiring certain food apart from via trade in times of war and conflict. Simply put, it means that countries need to be self-sufficient in the production of certain strategic industries. It is also a widely accepted view that if free trade threatens the national security of a state, that it would be necessary for the government of the state to impose certain tariff and taxes on trade and even impose any necessary restriction if needed in order to protect the society (Entailer and Trifler, 2002).The third argument against free trade is that it is harmful for the environment, whereas the increase in farming, pesticide, emissions Of greenhouse gases and high energy usage as created a harmful impact towards the environment. The Global Development and Environmental Institute (EDGE), find the environmental impact as mixed whereas some countries have a higher(prenominal) level of environmental hazards than others.Therefore, the EDGE suggested that the WTFO imposes certain barriers and restriction on those countries which has a higher level of environmental pollutants in comparison to the countries which has fewer pollutants since free trade is contributing to the degradation of the environment (OBrien and Williams, 2010). In conclusion it can be argued that ere trade is not a public good as it creates a number of disadvantages for some nations especially the developing countries. Such disadvantages include the loss of jobs, environmental hazards inequalities in food securities and retardation in the development of industrialize products.Given the rules of the UN in regards to global public goods, in order for something to be considered as a public good it has to be able to benefit all persons and any usage of the item of product should not affect anyone. Therefore one can argue that free trade is no t a global public good as it do not benefit all takeovers and in order for free trade to benefit all there need to be some trade barriers implemented on some nations and that in itself is against the rule Of a global public good.

Motivation-Maslows Hierarchy of Needs and Herzberg Two Factor

I intend to explore Maslows hierarchy of inescapably and Herzberg deuce factory theories and indentify the key differences that exist between them, and explain how they send packing be applied by managers to impel staff. Both argon frame establishs of content theories, a content system is angiotensin converting enzyme where we merchant ship attribute a akin set of extremitys to each(prenominal) individuals ( Fincham and Rhodes, 2005, pg 193) Maslows Hierarchy of directs is stapleally based on a pyramid depicting the contrary types of inescapably that wiz has. At the bottom of the hierarchy be the physiological unavoidably, these be the subsistence rents that one needs to survive such(prenominal) as food, lovingness clothing and shelter.The next stage up from there is the security needs, this is refer with the need that humans film of intuitive feelinging safe and away from danger. Progressing from there is the social needs, this focuses on the needs of giving and receiving affliativeness, belonging and love (Fincham and Rhodes, 2005, pg 195). to a higher(prenominal) place that you have the self-esteem needs which are meeting the needs that one has for winment, independence and freedom( Fincham and Rhodes, 2005, pg 195). Finally at the top are self-actualisation needs, which relates to the need of one being able to fulfil his or her full potential.If all prior needs before this stage are satisfied this can prove to be an influential source of our motif as do evident by Maslow contends that if we have met the other four basic needs, the need for self-actualization is potent enough to serve as our primary inducement for all carriage. ( Oleson, 2004). The theory therefore suggests that we are kickoff motivated by our basic needs, at once this is come throughd, our behaviour is focused on lusty our safety needs, once this is achieved we look to fulfil our esteem needs, and so on and so forth.Showing that once one direct is achiev ed, it will have little influence in motivating us, but preferably it would be the above stage in the pyramid. Therefore indicating it would not be sufficient for managers just to pay employees to motivate them, as employees who have satisfied their physiological needs, they would be seeking to achieve their safety needs, from there they would be looking to satisfy social needs and so on, implying that employees would be continuously looking to fulfil to a greater extent and more of their needs, this means that employers can never do too much. Employers should strive to arrive at opportunities for employees to satisfy as many of the needs from the pyramid as possible. For example for employees to satisfy their social needs, employers whitethorn wish to introduce more give away group projects, or organise sports activities. To cater for the esteem needs managers whitethorn consider delegating authority to them, as this would reflect that they have confidence in the competency o f the give-up the ghoster, alternatively managers can provide the employee with the opportunity to wax their skills or qualification via training at the expense of the firm, this would make the employee feel valued.Managers can use Maslows Hierarchy of needs, to indentify which needs believe they are satisfying and this would help managers to determine which needs are yet to be satisfied, and these unfulfilled needs will become the motivator. I will right off begin to discuss Herzbergs cardinal factor theory which was substantial through interviewing 200 accountants and engineers. The theory implies that that humans have two different sets of needs and that the different elements of the work situation satisfies or dissatisfies these needs. ( Anderson, Gudmundson, Lundberg, 2008).The first element is referred to as the hygienics factors and relate to the working conditions, salary, job security, dramatise policy, supervisors and interpersonal relations ( Fincham and Rhodes, 20 05). Herzberg claimed if these factors were absent it would go out to dissatisfaction, but the mere reality of such conditions would not lead to increased demand. Whereas the most inbuilt aspects of work that led to recognition, achievement and advancement were discovered to be the sources of employee satisfaction, and as such were referred to as motivators.This indicates that satisfaction and dissatisfaction arises through two different aspects of the job, one in the first place concerning the work conditions, and the other the actual job itself. The theory differs to that of Maslows as it does not recognise pay as being a motivator but rather a hygiene factor. This means that managers who are to practice the teachings under this model should not use high salaries as a means of them trying to stimulate motivation, but should rather improve the congenital aspects of the job in order to enable an individual to satisfy needs of achievement, recognition etc.However, I mentioned before that the theory was established through the responses of accountants and engineers, twain are well renowned and well paid middle mannikin posts, meaning that under Maslows hierarchy of needs their basic are already likely to be fulfilled hence there is no real surprise why this did not appear as a motivator, and therefore does not contradict Maslows theory but rather reinforces it. A ifferent outcome may have occurred if Herzberg used professions that are not so well paid to the extent where it would be difficult for one to satisfy basic needs, such as workers in less economically developed countries that are subject to exploitation. Social needs which appear in the middle of Maslows hierarchy are only referred to as hygiene factors, therefore highlighting a difference of opinion between the two theories.This would be reflected in the actions taken by managers to motivate employees. Managers who are to follow the two factor theory may try and ensure that the employees are e xposed to an environment where workers can socialise, as failing to do this would lead to dissatisfaction.Whereas in the case for Maslows hierarchy of needs managers would perceive the purpose of social needs to act as a motivator, and therefore they may put a greater emphasis on trying to achieve this through frequent group projects, outings, and sports activities, when compared to Herzbergs theory. What Herzberg has referred to as motivators do comply with the self-esteem needs under Maslow, considering that they are twain satisfied by common conditions such as achievement and recognition.As a result of these findings from both(prenominal) theories, there seems to be fairly strong evidence to suggest that employees slay a greater a deal of satisfaction from the intrinsic aspects of the job, as this is what ultimately leads to feelings of achievement, which seems to be a source through which employees gain motivation from both theories, therefore, suggesting that an effective tactic that managers can use to incite motivation within employees is to change the nature of their roles so as to incorporate opportunities where they can gain senses of achievement.This can perhaps be achieved by challenging employees, recognising their upright work via reward such as promotion. Having analysed both theories, I have discovered that there are both similarities and differences between them. For example both theories assume that individuals have the same set of needs, and they also recognise that if the higher level psychological needs are satisfied such as achievement, recognition, employees would become motivated. However, where the two theories differ are with the issue of hygiene and motivators.Maslows hierarchy effectively perceives all levels of the pyramid as the sources of motivation if they are yet to be fulfilled, whereas Herzberg made the distinction between sources of dissatisfaction and motivation. This theory may make managers reconsider their subordin ates job structure curiously when their ambition is to motivate staff. Under Herzberg work conditions would not constitute as a motivator this is contrary to Maslows hierarchy which recognises that pay and the need to feel safe do act as sources motivation.This shows how the behaviour of managers may be different when following either of the theories. Inciting motivation from employees requires constant effort, Maslows Hierarchy of needs stresses that once a level is achieved the influence of that level on our motivation diminished, and if we focus on the two factor theory we would also come to realise that for employees to become motivated i. e. through satisfying senses of advancement, recognition etc, managers would therefore have to continuously seek ways of adapting the intrinsic aspects of the job to cater for such needs to be fulfilled.References Anderson T. D, Gudmundson A, Lundberg C. (2009). Herzbergs Two-Factor Theory of work motivation tested empirically on seasonal wor kers in hospitality and tourism Tourism Management. Volume 30 Issue 6, pages 890-899. Fincham, R. and Rhodes, P. (2005). Principles of Organizational Behaviour. refreshed York Oxford University Press Oleson, M. (2004). Exploring the relationship between money attitudes and Maslows hierarchy of needs transnational Journal Of consumer studies, Volume 28, pages 83-92.

Biology Investigation

Biology Investigation Aim to investigate the cause of electric arc and gravity on the originateth of sunflower seminal fluids. Background entropy Tropism is anxietyal movement in response to a bursteral excitant eg leisurely or gravity. Plants are not able to relocate if they fall to start growing where conditions are nor perfect but they can vary their growth towards more favorable conditions. Plants act to light (phototropism) where the stems grow towards the light and the rout outs grow away from the light. They also respond to gravity (geotropism) where the stems grow away from the ground and the roots grow towards the ground.Tropisms are controlled by auxins a family of horm cardinals that promote (and sometimes inhibit) growth. Sunflower seeds need regular watering in order to provide sufficient nutrients and ensure healthy and efficient growth. theory I hypothesise that whatever orientation the seed is placed in, the worst will eternally be positively phototro pic and the root will forever and a day be positively geotropic, ascribable to the basic laws of tropism. Risk Assessment find Risk Precautions/Disposal Test tube-shaped structure breakage Glass whitethorn cause injury to eyes or skin. Be cautious when manipulation canvas tube wear sentry duty equipment such as safety nut casees and gloves. stance in glass bin. Puncturing knockfules with scissors Scissors may smart someone if at that place is an accident. Assign somebody to hold the boxful steady while they are being punctured. Using forceps May injure skin. start forceps steady and try to avoid contact with skin. Equipment Geotropism * 4x hulking trial run tube * 4x sift reputation * 4x sunflower seed * 1x demonstrate tube frustrate Phototropism * 1x cardboard box * 4x sunflower seed * 1x pair of scissors * 1x forceps * 4x test tube * 4x filter paper * 1x test tube point of view Variables Geotropism * individual variable orientation of sunflower seed Dep endant variable direction of growth of sunflower seed charge up and root * Constant variables the test tube in which the seeds are kept, the place the test tube bosom sits, the orientation of each seed Phototropism * Independent variable orientation of sunflower seed, place of light source * Dependant variable direction of growth of sunflower seed shoot and root * Constant variables the box in which the seeds are kept, the place the box sits, the orientation of each seed, the materials used (filter paper, large test tube, test tube rack) Experimental Control GeotropismOne of the test tubes was situate up with a sunflower seed and the shoot facing up, the ind healthfuling orientation. Phototropism A cardboard box was set up with hole punctures in the top and sides to allow light to get to the plants from all directions. Method Geotropism * collect equipment * Set up 4 large test tubes in a test tube rack and label them A, B, C and D. * Soak the 4 filter papers under water * spu e up one filter paper and place in test tube A, on with the sunflower seed shoot facing up to be the control. * iterate cadence 4 but with test tube B, with the sunflower seed shoot facing down. Repeat step 4 but with test tube C, with the sunflower seed shoot facing right. * Repeat step 4 but with test tube D, with the sunflower seed shoot facing left. 1. Place in an part with adequate natural light 2. water supply every day for 5 days, taking observations on the direction and aloofness of growth on the seeds. Phototropism 1. Collect equipment 1. Set up 4 large test tubes in a test tube rack 1. Soak the 4 filter papers in water 1. Roll up filter paper and place in test tubes, along with the sunflower seeds with all shoots facing upward. 1. Label 3 cardboard boxes as 1. control, 2. eft, 3. right 1. Puncture 10 holes in both sides and the top of box 1 2. Puncture 10 holes in the left side of box 2 3. Puncture 10 holes in the right side of box3 4. Place a test tube rack in each box 5. Place in an area with adequate natural light 6. Water every day for 5 days, taking observations on the direction and length of growth on the seeds. Discussion During the test, it was observed that sunflower seed shoots, unheeding of their orientation, will well-nigh always grow towards the light. Likewise, the root of the seeds will almost always grow towards the ground.This trend is due to the auxins in the plant, hormones that promote growth. When a seed is placed sideways, unnaturally, the auxins in the plant stimulate growth in the shoot to still turn off upward towards the light, and in the root to curve downward towards the ground. The accuracy of this experiment was sound. The equipment used was the same for all groups and was pretty suitable to the experiment as it allowed easily observable results, for example the glass test tubes allowed us to watch our seeds grow each day. However, watering the plants was not undertaken every day, affecting the overall accurac y.Having a circumstantial required come of water to water the plants each day would have been beneficial to the accuracy of the experiment. The reliability of this experiment was poor. Most observations were not consistent. In many geotropism experiments, there were shoots that did not curve all the way down to the ground. This could have been due to the limited space they had between the glass of the test tube and the filter paper. The validity of this experiment was also poor. The constant variables were not very well controlled the place in which the utensil was set up changed, which meant different environmental conditions for the plants.The weather also changed every day, especially on Saturday when it was 41 degrees. This would have had an violation on the growth of the plants, and a burnt filter paper was observed, which could have been a result of the hot weather. The significant rise in temperature should have been predicted prior to the end of the school week so a more controlled environment could be created for the plants to have a consistent area to thrive in. To improve the accuracy and reliability of this experiment, a clearer and more specific method should be undertaken and a better set up of apparatus should be hought up to give the seeds more room to grow. However, the aim of look into the effects of light and gravity on the growth of sunflower seeds was answered. This experiment is beneficial to society as it may assist gardeners, florists, other biologists etc in growing plants efficiently. Conclusion Based on observations, our hypothesis of the shoot always being positively phototropic and the root being positively geotropic was supported, bringing us to the conclusion that light and gravity have a major impact on the growth of sunflower seeds no matter what the orientation.This is controlled by the auxins that respond to the light and gravity, promoting growth in the shoot of the seed to grow toward the light, and the root of the see d to grow toward the ground. Bibliography Kimball, J W 2011,Tropisms, viewed 27 November, 2012,. Unknown, 2001,Plant Hormones, viewed 27 November, 2012,.

Restructuring of Sales and Marketing

Restructuring of Sales and Marketing HRM/531 2010 MEMORANDUM To CEO, Kathy Kudler From Date2010 accede Restructuring of Sales and Marketing The purpose of this memorandum is to inform the CEO of Kudler lovely Foods, Kathy Kudler on the restructuring of the gross sales and trade squad in alignment with the raw(a) initiatives the companion is striving for. The rebody structure give consist of five brisk vexs to meet the restructure of the sales and marketing departments. I go away pardon the trick descriptions and qualifications of the five modern parts.Secondly, I leave explain the genteelness program to enhance the skills and qualification of the new and original employees. Thirdly, I impart explain methods for evaluating employees and squad writ of execution, including a progressive discipline process. Fourth, challenges for squad surgical operation will be evaluated using several factors. Fifth, a comprehensive incentive and benefits pack successions will be addressed. Strategies for managing employees c ber will be offered by promotions and educational opportunities. Lastly, a fair and appropriate compensation plan will be addressed. Job Description and QualificationsThe first-level direction position leading the sales and marketing police squad up will be a Program Manager. Max James, PM, will research, unwrap, and implement a new marketing program for Kudler charming Foods. The position requires him to define problems, develop a research plan, collect relative information, develop findings, scheduling and then take marketing and sales action. The new sales team will pay back a Marketing/Sales Manager. The autobus must(prenominal) be able to identify problems, develop course of actions, psychoanalyze the course of actions, make a decision found on the canvass courses of actions, and implement the decision.He or she will be creditworthy for planning, organizing, directing, and unconditional the personal selling functio ns. He or she is to manage the marketing resources of Kudler handsome Foods. He or she must maintain a reliable, competent, dependable, and customer lie department through instruction, supervising, directing and delegation of responsibilities of four team members. The coach must provide recommendations and feedback to the Program Manager on a bi-weekly basis. A Marketing Analyst will also be get hold ofed to brave out the Marketing and Sales Manager.He or she will be responsible for planning and executing the marketing strategy for ingatherings, services or ideas to form and enhance sales for Kudler Fine Foods. He or she must show up the ability to land effectively under pressure and in spite of appearance a collaborative team oriented environment using sound sound judgment in decision-making. A Marketing Analyst must possess a strong relationship management skill with external and internal customers He or she must possess excellent communication skills both oral exam a nd written and boast strong presentation skills with the ability to translate analytics to reports.A bachelors degree in marketing, mathematics, statistics, a related field or uniform education required. Two or more classs of analytics escort including practiceing statistical tools and techniques to analyze consumer and market research required. A Marketing Communication Coordinator is early(a) position requisiteed to support the Sales and Marketing Manager. He or she will manage phone book, radio, newspaper, and television advertisement for Kudler Fine Foods. This position requires bachelors degree with 2 years experience in Marketing communication theory environment.A Marketing Communication Coordinator must be able to hightail it multiple, time-sensitive projects at once for Kudler Fine Foods. He or she must yield extensive knowledge of layout, design, print, photography, and website best practices. He or she must have familiarity with budgets and understanding of the importance of budget management. He or she must be proficient with all Microsoft Office applications, including Word, Excel and PowerPoint. Exceptional communications skills are required.The position also requires maintaining inventory of advertisement products and ensuring adequate supply of brochures and other materials are available upon request. Lastly, the department will need an Implementation Specialist. The specialist will support Kudlers managers prioritize and launch new products by implementing new plans for upcoming/future years. The position requires excellent written and oral communication skills and presentation skills, including the ability to address a wide set forth of audiences.He or she must demonstrate success in product launches and history of initiative planning/organizing and implementation accomplishments. He or she must have strong problem solving skills. He or she must have a minimum of 2 years experience with new product implementations or experience in a product support role. The position requires a bachelors degree in business or marketing. dressing Program The five new hired employees all will have some level of marketing and sales experience, but will need to go through training to become familiar with Kudler Fine Foods products, prices, current operation procedure, and organization structure.The training will outline current competitors establish on current and previous market analysis. The training program will enhance sales and marketing knowledge in order to drive quantifiable achievement. The training will assist the new hired team in their duties and responsibilities as its relate to Kudler Fine Foods. The objective of the training to prepare train, support, and guide the new team professionally in consent with Kudler Fine Foods policies and procedures. Method for Evaluating Employee and group PerformanceAfter much consideration, the method of evaluating employee and team cognitive operation will consist of death p enalty judgments and feedback. Timely feedback is a crucial part of a successful writ of execution appraisal system. The feedback from the performance management program can be apply in backing performance final stages. The employees will turn around an initial appraisal to set the goals and objectives. The employees will become a monthly, quarterly, semi-annual, and annual feedback to measure performance based on his or her responsibilities. The team will receive a performance appraisal severally quarter.Employees that do not meet his or her responsibilities will be put on a stringent re-training discipline program. The employee will be affixed with a pre-determined employee who will mentor and assist the employee in the areas he or she is failing. The employee will be re-evaluated after 30 days on his or her performance. From an employees perspective, lack of regular feedback about performance detracts from his or her quality of work life. Most people want to improve their performance on the job, to receive constructive suggestions regarding areas they need to work on, to be commended for things that they do well.The cost of failure to provide feedback may result in the outrage of key professional employees, the continued poor performance measures, and a going of commitment by all employees. In sum, the myth that employees know how they are doing without adequate feedback from management can be an expensive fantasy (Casio, 2005). Challenges of Team Performance Evaluation One type of appraisal system to be used by Kudler Fine Foods is the exclusive appraisal system. The system is designed to set goals, objectives, measure, and provide feedback. The exclusive appraisal system is to reward, and recognize the performance of an employee.The other type of appraisal is a team appraisal system. The team appraisal system is designed to allow the team to be evaluated as a group or whole. It becomes difficult to measure the team performance based on job des cription that may not apply to each member of the team. When designing a team appraisal system, the valuation must be based on a measurable old-hat established for the entire team. The appraisal system must also be developed in a manner that offers a specific standard of performance for the entire team that can be applied to each member of the team individually.The individual evaluation to achieve a team goal makes a team appraisal system unique in itself. The motivation and expectation is clearly defined as such employees need to feel valued in their position an employee will consider that he or she is treated fairly if he or she perceives the ratio of his or her input to his or her outcomes to be equivalent to those around them. Thus, all else universe equal, it would be acceptable for a more senior colleague to receive higher compensation, since the value of his experience (an input) is higher.The way people base their experience with satisfaction for their job is to make comp arisons with themselves to the people they work with (Wikipedia, 2010). Expectations by employees from management are an most-valuable part of a team success. The team inevitably to know what, when, where, and how the task or goal should be accomplished or completed. By knowing the expectations will set off the team and the individual employees to work hard at accomplishing the task. Some key expectations that are set in place are attendance, quality of work, teamwork, priorities, and individual work performance required. The goal is to balance team equity.If team equity is balanced, it motivates the employees to compete and work harder to do quality work. If equity is not balanced, employees will not be make to do their best work. When employees fail to do their best work, the company suffers hugely from this effect. If pay levels of team members are unknown to one another, then individual equity would have no allude on team performance because individuals would only assume w hat others make. If a team member feels he or she is not rewarded properly or acknowledge for his or her input and test or disappointment could impact the performance of the team or group.In order for Kudler to prevent loafing in the team setting, individuals will be assessed on all levels, as a team and an individual, which will dish to ensure individual contribution. According to (Cascio, 2005), the two steps to take in order to prevent free riding, are to conduct individual performance evaluations and to encourage individuals behavior and skills that contribute to team performance. For a team to succeed, team members should either have disparate roles and or possess different skills to support the team. Different skills must be required to achieve goals of the team, (Clark, 2010). individualistic employees shall be held accountable for contributions to the team effort. Individual employees shall help other members of the team believe their effort is important to the team succe ss. Lastly, individual employees shall make members of the team fell each of his or her job is of equal valuable and important. Incentives and Benefits Packages Kudler Fine Foods Compensation intent is established to attract qualified employees, to retain employees, and to motivate employees to direct their efforts towards achieving the goals assigned by the company. The five new employees will be on salary plan.A pay band will be established for each position title. The salary will be based on education and experience. To maximize the effectiveness of the compensation plan, Kudler Fine nourishment will provide employees with benefit packages that include Retirement Savings Plan 401(k), health insurance, vision care, dental care, life insurance, one week pay vacation, paid holidays. While money is a powerful tool used to capture the minds and hearts of workers and maximize their productivity, dont underestimate the impact of non-financial rewards (Casio, 2005). Strategies for Man aging Employees Career DevelopmentAt Kudler Fine Foods employees are their greatest asset. The structure of the positions allows for career growth of all employees of the sales and marketing department. Managers must yearly conduct an individual career development plan for its employees. The plan will identify tools necessary to help an employee develop knowledge and skills needed for his or her current position as well as future job opportunities. Managers will support requests for flexible work schedules for its employees. Each employee will receive a development plan during its initial job orientation/ commission and periodic reviews throughout the year.Feedback will be given semi-annual and one year performance appraisal. A Fair and Appropriate Compensation Plan Employees within the sales and marketing department are diverse in gender, culture, sex, ethnicity, age and much more. Diversity within the workplace affects directly the performance and results of the organization, thu s, it is important to acknowledge peoples differences and recognize these differences as valuable assets to the company it enhances good management practices by preventing discrimination and promoting acceptance inclusiveness. Thanks. References Cascio, W. , (2005).Managing Human Resources Productivity, feature of Work Life, Profits, (7th ed. ). in the raw York McGraw-Hill, Ch 9 Cascio, W. , (2005). Managing Human Resources Productivity, Quality of Work Life, Profits, (7th ed. ). New York McGraw-Hill, Ch 11 Clark, R. (2010). Research-Tested Team Motivation Strategies. Retrieved March 28, 2010, from http//www. cogtech. usc. edu/publications/clark_team_motivation. pdf Wikipedia, (2010). Motivation and Expectation. Retrieved March 27, 2010, from http//en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title=Special%3ASearch=motivation+and+expectat ion=Search