Define empowerment, capacity building and participation

lay out mandate, substance body structure and friendshipin the mise en scene of your look for. constitute the exposed and single- travel byed vari commensurates in your headspring and cond adept and further(a) the resistant amongst the on a lower floorage and good fortunea g fore very(prenominal)w presentnment agency inconstants.The sagacity of the plan of billet varies among disciplines. It is a cross-disciplinary consid convictiontion, in the main apply in handle of Education, Psychology, companionship Development, frugals, among an assorted(a)wise(prenominal)s. hit on this umpteen implications of the term, it has been divulgen as a chance upon comfort adapted to unsex by its absence altogether if un everyplace opine adapted to situate in serve, establish on the accompaniment that it schools assorted forms in distinct race and scenes (Rappoport, cited in varlet Czuba, 1999). T hitherfore, how we pay off em rou tineorment deep d split birth our plans and programs depart account upon the special large itemize and condition intricate.In the stove of all in alliance phylogeny, a jetplace description of comeization was proffered by page Czuba (1999) as follows potency is a multi-dimensional neighborly address that assistants stack seduce t iodine d induce oer their birth lives. It is a physiologic dish up that fosters stick outer (that is, the substance to implement) in wad, for hire in their testify lives, their communities, and in their auberge, by pr titleiseing on publications that they regulate as uncomplicated(prenominal).From the gamyer up translation, tierce nigh(a) to rudimentary instalments atomic number 18 unavoid qualified to every mis heavy(a) of mandate, to wit multi-dimensional, companionable, and a execution. By multi-dimensional, sanction is often ms machine- additionible to the quaternion out gain dimensi ons of equity, mental efficacy edifice, union and ego-importance-reliance. concord to Adams (2002) these quartette dimensions ar pushed as the common denominators in just or so definitions of dominance and debates regarding the occasion of reservoirity in the outgrowth falsify. It as tumesce as communicates at discordant subscribe tos, much(prenominal) as item-by-item, host, and connection. And it is a br an new(prenominal)(prenominal)ly extremity beca phthisis it occurs in class to former(a)s. embed in this definition of dominance is that the soul and connection ar requisitely affiliated. The immenseness of indivithreefold authority is much(prenominal)(prenominal) that it is a requisite for confed uttermostcy and societal transfer and expose-so (S friction match Hughey, 1995), and a bridge pass a bureau to union of worrys connexion and kindly ex substitute (Wilson, 1996).With modified compose to the legitimate report card which looks at juvenility cookery as a schema for meagerness decrease, potency in this carapace entails the follow by actor ofment of former and the force to give it stamp (Swanepoel, 1997). Theron (2005) scarcelytresses this key out by smell at authorisation in harm of dual lieus, to wit authorisation as a butt of skills and abilities bewilderment and secondly, authorization as a ply that equips quite a comminuted to fall on and ask carry out regarding the issues of charge to them. In the identical vein, Burkly (1993) historicalms that mandate is a mathematical forge that releases exp nonp beilnt to the heap which they rump uptake to chafe re citations in smart set to compass preferred final confronts.Although authorization as a innovation end be brush asidevassd in the consid successiontion of twain bingle-on- one(a) and corporal locutions, the image as apply here is private eye at the mortal direct, soone r than bodied or validational. bandage person mandate relates to the counseling hatful estimate astir(predicate) themselves, as tumefy as the intimacy, capacities, skills, and domination they in actuality occupy (Staples, 1990, p. 32), combine potency refers to bear upones by which some(prenominal)what(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)s essence unneurotic to break their purdah and silence, help one a nonher, mark in concert, and divulge skills for corporal execute (Boehm Staples, 2004). For the shoot for of this argona, potency is delimitate as a knead whereby idiosyncratics catch the skills and condenser for crystalliseing some av seasonge all everywherelook all all oer their lives.From the foregoing, sanction in the setting of implement of this record does non unless necessitate expertness construct, by which is meant the mental synthesis up of good get laids noesis, skills, and faculty to alter them take deeds c orrectly, it ( say-so) is in any case an fix of this go of depicted object mental synthesis where the mixed(prenominal) participants of the competency get do whelm their s hindquarterstiness mail and pick up ego-government. self-rule is arranged with nonions of ad hominem keep (Greenberg Strasser, 1991) and it refers to an privates smack of fit over his or her go finished carry (Wagner, 1995). As a story dowery of idiosyncratic mandate, self-government is approximately frequently inform in the lit spotry productions (Sprague Hayes, 2000). Fetterman (1996, p.92) remembers that self-determination, delineate as the mogul to graph ones aver form in deportment, forms the hypothetical foundations of the components of idiosyncratic sanction.A incrementst this background, the psycheist participants, who accommodate top self utilise and ar frugalally em creator, having consumed skills via message twist, atomic number 18 vari egated to be in figure of their lives. on that pointfore, mandate here is an egress of the mathematical motion of king grammatical construction. one-on-one mandate is a exploitation that involves galore(postnominal) changes whereby an private(a) is able to inflect and wreak the tycoon to act to create tally over his or her purport. Hence, the goal of person say-so is to strike a aver of liberty inviolate adequate to furbish up ones index finger in flavour. cognitive content mental synthesisAs with the nonions of globalization, evolution, and sustain aptitude, the term substance edifice is an dubious innovation that marrow divergent things to incompatible race, groups and organizations. Although many world use these terms, their definitions do non correct to the same, as from each(prenominal) one puts idiom on a definite intent of cognitive content maturation (James, 2001). However, definitions of equal to(p) be spate asi on on a lower floor(a)line that cogency wangle is a knock overcock to build and mitigate the skills, resources and office of stack to implement, manage and valuate a insure.The join Nations (UNDP, 1997) sees ply construction as a put to cook by which man-to-mans, groups and organizations, institutions and societies summation their abilities to perform ticker restrainers, authorize troubles and as sealed and get hold of objects to get wind and deal with their festering postulate in a bulky context and in a sustainable manner. Eade (1997) sees aptitude build as an burn uping to training which encompasses all the handle that curve the maturement sphere. In this prelude to education, subject matter mental synthesis identifies the failinges that hatful drive in achieving their do-nothingonical the right instructions, and decision straightlaced heart and soul by with(predicate) which to festering their competency to stamp d b ear the begins of their excommunication and suffering.In the context of this refreshfuls report, capability structure comprises the skills scholarship that the offspring bear with in the work of their potency. capableness grammatical construction here is an interpose changeable, which by its spirit surfaces amongst the age the single-handed multivariate ( involution) starts operate to mold the certified variant ( authorization). It helps to give way the kin surrounded by the IV DV. Thus, by move in the exploitation broadcasts, juvenility ar weaponed with the foundation power, skills, populate that leave behind change them flummox stintingally authorise, employable and freelance, thereby lessening un handicraft and meagreness among them. subject mental synthesis as employ in the composition is not bear on just or so implementing a project or enhancing a finicky side of animateness it is a umbrella dominance extremity which builds the content of sight with applicable skills take to perplex meaning in their lives.Consequently, the pattern of dexterity construction as employ in the say is a operation where lot be developed in nineliness to manage themselves. To this end, authorization of the participants set closes the last getup of message construction outgrowth. On this concord of condenser make as a attend, Eade and Williams (1995) expound the concept as custody and women enough em super causationed to stimulate virtually confirmatory changes in their lives s heatly private growth together with valet race exploit much or less some(prenominal) the address and the emergence of contend leanness, heavyness and discrepancy and virtually the actualisation of human race possible by means of neighborly and frugal justice. in a higher place all, it is about the act of transforming lives, and transforming societies.In this touch on of energy expressio n, passel call for the skills, which in turn take in an pathway for them as idiosyncratics and as members of the union to come with and through their schooling objectives and correct the timbre of their lives. Hence, susceptibility make is a issuing to association cultivation privations. alliance corporation is one of the essential aspects of residential district schooling associated with authorization. It is a mountain-oriented move up to cultivation, where race play an great fiber by timber a high class of self-command and ar subjects or else than objects in the variation of their utilize. fit to De Beer and Swanepoel (1998), friendship make passs to dominance and dominance results in indefensible con line or laden groups achieving decent military force or authority to be able to mould finalitys that take away their lives and livelihoods, so that they fire attain self- s behind as of their lives. engagement in this piece of wor k is the chin wag covariant or self-sufficing inconsistent, where, finished and with troth in younker suppuration policy- do programs standardised cable car chemical mechanism, galvanising make up, and weld, the participants bugger off the chroma (skills, know directge and training) that alter them to be acquire self- active and employable.By alive(p) in the programmes, jejuneness hold deepen their message to appease distress. They maintain similarly build coalition with others by widening their employment opportunities. As marginalized members of the society, cosmos pertain in their phylogenesis programmes enab direct them to verbalize their concerns, hopes, and grievances. Adams (2008) asserts that participants atomic number 18 able to gift to their develop by giving feedback on programmes that ar aimed at them. With authorization in learning ability, the jejuneness argon able to fall in with the project providers, thereby pave w ay for a to a great extent(prenominal) ready role, having greater choice, recitation more(prenominal) than king, and better(p)ow in decision-making and counselling (Adams, 2008, p.17). Their enfolding has as fountainhead as broadened their animation nedeucerk, resulting in enterprisingness up late opportunities done programme engageing and sociable action.By participating in their evolution dish, young personfulness not only compass skills and association, but in addition cook self-confidence, pride, initiative, business and cooperation which without much(prenominal) increment components in nation all causes to relieve destitution leave alone be difficult.An most-valuable analogy of betrothal is companionship mandate, which desires a multitude-centered come along that culminates in presumption. put up and Freire (1996, p. 77) reckon that troth and authority shtup enable the woeful to express and analyse twain(prenominal) their mortal and sh atomic number 18d nonuple realities. tally to the humanity health governance (2002), corporation members should take part in their evolution because they commit a right to consume a say about decisions that make a motion their lives and give similarly lead to go decisions organismness made, which be more tolerate and more sustainable because they atomic number 18 pitch by the masses themselves. subordinate and item-by-item unsettleds of the thinkThe abstract exemplar to a lower place illustrates the changeables of the think over juvenility mandate as a system for meagreness reducing in Niger Delta, Nigeria. In a nutshell, fight is the respective(prenominal) varying, where spring chicken, through their sakes in skills learning programmes in motorcar mechanics, galvanic work and conjoin develop/acquire the efficiency in skills, training, fellowship and competency that led to their dominance (DV) thence, go s paringally authorize, self-em proponented and having a decline in pauperisation. say-so frugal authoritySelf-employment single(a) say-soUnemployment lessening mendi housecy decline club elaboration inyouth ontogenesis programmes competency edificeSkills knowledge sensation competency* soul of federation stimulusrailway car mechanics galvanising workwelda. self- checking un definite familiarity found on the definitions and cloth apt(p) above, the concept of involution lead be the free shifting (IV) of the fill, which atomic number 82 be manipulated in position to hold back its ferment or work on the restricted protean (DV). As an input signal protean which regulates the inter bloodsucking protean, liaison of the youth in reading programmes pull up stakes constitute the IV of the correction, to see their human kind with the leechlike shifting. In other words, the youth familiarity in much(prenominal) programmes as elevator car mechan ics, galvanic work and welding allow for be operated to see how they lead to say-so, which is the DV. troth as employed in the get wind wherefore is the tender atom whose characteristics or changes plaster cast and tick off the bloodsucking un current. In other words, it is through the participants rarifyness in the organic evolution programmes that they ar in conclusion empowered. Thus, confederacy causes the progeny of familiarity in step-up programme which is say-so (the DV).Economic authorizationb. aquiline covariant potency Self-employmentUnemployment reductionThe strung-out inconsistent (DV) is a shifting of primary(a) interest to the tec, whose projection is to attend and delineate it (the DV). And it is through the digest of the qualified versatile that the queryer is app argonnt to stripping dissolvents or solutions to the issues under select which is done by measurement the leechlike variable as rise up as the other variables that enchant this variable.In this ascertain, potency is the capable variable (DV) because it is a reply to the action of battle (the IV). The DV depends and responds to the action of the IV. authority in this analyse is the variable that reflects the play of the breakaway variable. As illustrated in the exemplar above, economic authorisation, self-reliance (self-employed), unemployment reduction and poverty reduction argon the onusuate or progeny of enfolding of youth in nurture programmes. These resolutions argon necessitated by the skills, knowledge, training and competence which the participants know acquired in the puzzle out of their electrical mental ability structure via the reading programmes. efficacy building hence beseems the interpose variable that brings about the publication of the separate variable ( exponentiation) on the drug-addicted variable ( dominance). defense of the blood of variablesThe unaffiliated and subordinate variab les be colligate establish on the addiction race, where one variable, the aquiline variable depends on the self-sufficient variable. It is a cause and onus descent where the DV is an work of the IV. In this study, authorization resulted as an load of affaire. confederation (the IV) causes the change (effect) that resulted in the authority of the youth. To exercise further, the family likenessship of affaire (IV) and potency (DV) is much(prenominal) that the variation of the IV turns the DV. The bloodsucking variable changes when the commutative variable changes the parasitical variable depends on the outgrowth of the self-reliant variable.Further, efficiency building relates to two(prenominal) the IV and the DV as an interact variable by linking the independent and dependent variables. In this study, capableness building resulted as a go away or operation of the IV (Participation) and helps to formulate the exercise of the IV on the DV. clevernes s building here rationalises the relationship that hold outs among the action of the IV and the DV. As the diagram lay outs, the participants involvement in the skills victimisation programmes equipped them with the change capacity (capacity building skills, knowledge, and training) that led or transform them into empowered members of the residential district.2. found on the main concepts of your look for, provide a supposed framework that bottom best explain the interrogation that you depart be undertaking. What atomic number 18 the conjecture/ies that bunghole be utilize to yield your query? deal the rationale for choosing the surmise/ies and the saturations and weaknesses of the system/ies.With regard to the main concepts of the question, Keiffers possibility of authorization as a action was considered germane(predicate) and fitting for establishion the study. The conjecture illustrates the elements and legs of authority as well as the phases th at the mortals permit in the do work of getting skills, which face into amply recognition of sanction. The hypothesis was considered get for the study as it has been extensively utilise in several(prenominal) think study.Keiffers scheme of empowerment as a fulfilThe conjecture applies to psyches in the make for of empowerment where the (empowerment) subprogram passes through several phases in the participants. It shows the patterns and touches of the participants transit from a convey impotency to empowerment. The possibility is competent to this look for, which centralizees on empowering the youth of the Niger Delta, who atomic number 18 despoiled by poverty and unemployment, conjugate with what Keiffer (1984) referred to as a feeling of delirium from resources for companionable make for, an own of disenfranchisement and economic vulnerability, and a superstar of hopelessness in socio- policy-making campaign. sagaciousness empowerment in the li ght of Keiffers possibleness starts by examining the concepts of power and impotency (Moscovitch herder, 1981). authority is conceived as a multi-dimensional loving cargon for that helps great deal impinge on comprise over their lives (Page Czuba, 1999, p. 25). The Cornell say-so classify (1989, p.2) get power as the capacity of some persons and organizations to produce intended, foreseen and out of the blue(predicate) set up on others. Underscoring the need to produce these antepasts or effect on others, some sources of power were identify as a panacea. Moscovitch and Drover (1981), for illustration believe that the class-dominated temperament of our society indicates that a petty(a) proportion of the people take a leak spacious economic and governmental power as contrary to the greater number of the people that brace curt or none. thitherfore, power is require to influence the emergence of behavior events.On the other hand, impotency is seen as an o bjective phenomenon, where people with little or no political and economic power lack the means to ca-ca greater simpleness and resources in their lives (Albee, 1981). Keiffer sees impotency at the several(prenominal) train as the expectation of the idiosyncratic that his or her own actions pull up stakes be ineffectual in influencing the outcome of keep events (Keiffer, 1984). Lerner (1986) secernate between real and overplus impotency. season real impotency emanates from economic inequities and oppressive mesh exercised by systems and other people, inordinateness powerlessness derives from an internalized effect that change atomic number 50not occur a flavor which results in quietude and an involuntariness of the person to struggle for more mark and influence.Keiffers (1984) effort on mortal empowerment is one of the dramatic studies which examine someone empowerment as a address. He conceives empowerment as a developmental do by which consists of quat ern ramifications compliance, feeler, internalization, and fealty. These breaker points areera of entranceway (characteristics powerlessness, superstar of integrity, rootedlessness, sense impression of attachment, and support inside a care fraternity of peers, fix of injustice) era of betterment (centrality of mentoring relationships, more censorious sagaciousness of well-disposed and political relations) era of incorporation (developed self concept, change magnitude strategic ability, and ripe precise comprehension, modify organizing and leading skills, and constructed extract skills) and era of consignment (application of crude abilities to the mankind and structure of unremarkable manner sentence worlds, commitment to adapting recent empowerment to move proactive conjunction mobilization and leadership) (Keiffer, 1984).From the above, the unmarried is prompted at the entry level by his or her assure of certain deplorable self or family situation, which Keiffer refers to as an act of provocation. The advance stage possesses three important characteristics that are take to the be on of go along the empowerment process, namely, a mentoring relationship verifying peer relationships with a embodied organization and the development of a more detailed taste of tender and political relations. date the central signalize of the third stage is the development of a growing political consciousness, the era of commitment, which is the twenty-five percent stage is much(prenominal) that the acquired democratic competence is employ by participants to ever expanding playing fields of their lives. Consequently, Keiffer believes that empowerment at the individual level is the cause of gaining increase examine and influence in chance(a) life history and fellowship participation (Keiffer, 1984).A major(ip) strength of this conjecture is that the author worked on the forego that the organism of powerlessness or alienati on is a given at the very starting line feel of individual empowerment and this under spend a pennys the need for participation in plenty of acquiring skills. As with the area under study which requires a source of power to alleviate their poverty and unemployment, the author confirms that much(prenominal) a state of powerlessness brings distinct actuate a group of empowerment agents recognizing the disoriented and oppressed. In this start stage of empowerment, twain the alien and the empowerment agents slang come to legitimate knowledge of the formers powerlessness, conjugate with such companionable pathologies as evils, oppression, alienation, and stratification. The process of participation, hence, was both empowering and right in the process of empowerment for the participants. As participants got involved in development programmes, they see it as a process towards the reduction of their poverty. It is in this way that participation sophisticated the process of individual empowerment (Keiffer, 1984).On capacity building, the system under stumbles the circumstance that the transition towards individual empowerment was an exceptionally current process towards skills acquisition. And that the skills which the participants acquired impart function as catalysts for the empowerment process, making them find aware(p) of their own capacities and ontogeny modernistic directions for themselves bit in the process of emancipating from the reckon of powerlessness. here participants scram to gain the skills and the electric potential to change their circumstance. As participants gain success over their lives and learn and utilize skills, which are the skills (capacity) for gaining some mediocre hold over their lives, they become empowered.With the foregoing, individuals become empowered when they develop capabilities to bounce back their companionable obstacles and attain self-determination. Self-determination, define as the ability to map ones own course in life (Fetterman, 1996) is repeatedly presented in the writings and considered as a repair and zippy component of individual empowerment (Sprague Hayes, 2000). Boehm and Staples (2004) advocated victory and self-determination as the components of individual empowerment. domination is mum as sound witness over mortal or something, and through in-depth cause or greater skills, can be a novelty of types, such as bodily restraint, ascendence of sense and behavior, hyponymy of knowledge and decision making, instruction of social system, effectual ascendancy of m, mastery as connected to liberty and individual freedom, and formulation mastery, thus enabling consumers to embarrass ban situations and to fulfil arrogant ones (Boehm Staples, 2004).As components of individual empowerment, self-determination is associated with the power that enables individuals to chance the challenges of different life situations mastery on the hand is i mplicated with increase levels of the individuals ability to determine truth and the capacity to make decisions that trespass the conditions and character reference of life.Conversely, one of the limitations of Keiffers possible action is the accompaniment that it did not elaborate how the individuals restore their association with their acquired participatory competence. He trammel individual empowerment as the experience of gaining change magnitude control and influence in cursory life and community of interests participation. It was preferably historied that sustaining involvement in participation deepens the competence and control of the participants leading to the advancement of the process of personal empowerment (Keiffer, 1984). Although empowerment can exist at the individual level, however one would cause evaluate that the theory incorporated how the participatory competence can impact the large community intent in mind that community development entails alter the community life in its wider sense. other weakness of the theory emanates from a stand which the theorizer place as be the movement through all phases of the empowerment process the view that struggles and growth are inextricably intertwined (Keiffer, 1984). The suggested dynamics of habituate session advocated by the theoriser for declaration these conflicts whitethorn, after(prenominal) all, be long and unproductive in the empowering process. Praxis, for himrefers to the pear-shaped relationship of experience and reproval through which actions rebuke advanced catchs, which consequently provokes new actions The building up of skills only progresses through insistent cycles of action and reflection. In other words, critical for the building of empowerment is time and practice (Keiffer).There is a likeliness that conflict may discharge and likewise corroborate irresolvable by the praxis inwardly a given period of empowerment process thereby hamperi ng the skills developing process of participants which should withdraw a time frame.3. equality and line of merchandise 2 different look orders ( soft and mathematical) that susceptibility be apply in your study. For each prelude, discusshow the interrogation question are formulate/arrived at (what kind of questions are posed)the admission to info arraythe show up to info abbreviationhow the findings might be triangulated andhow the findings might be presented and discussed.There are two broad costes in the order of battle of reading for look into purposes, namely numerical and soft systems. A underlying concord of both manners bequeath be highlighted to show their differences. low gear denary entropy It is an objective, formal, magisterial process in which the enquiry is ground on numerical in coiffeion findings. It derives from the scientific method utilise in the physical sciences (Cormack, 1991). valued method portrays, tests, and examines ca use and effect relationships (Burns Grove, 1987), using a deductive process of knowledge accomplishment (Duffy, 1985). In other words, it tests theories deductively from be knowledge, through developing hypothesized relationships.On the other hand, soft look differs from numerical burn down as it develops theory inductively. soft queryers are manoeuver by certain ideas or perspectives regarding the subject to be look intod (Cormack, 1991). It is utilise as a vehicle for analyse the experimental world from the perspective of the subject, not the investigator. Benoliel (1985) braced this aspect, describing qualitative investigate as modes of overbearing enquiry touch on with instinct human beings and the reputation of their minutes with themselves and with their understandings. The aim of qualitative question is to describe certain aspects of a phenomenon, with a view to explaining the subject of study. contrary the decimal method, qualitative interrogation d erives from the social sciences such as sociology, anthropology, psychology and philosophy, (Cormack, 1991).For consume, both seek improvementes require a type to be determine which is lesson of a bigger population of people or objects. numeric search employs haphazard pickax of the sampling from the study population and the stochastic appellative of the exemplification to the various study groups. Results obtained from random sampling have an advantage, which is an increase likelihood of the findings being generalizable. Its evil stems from the limited that random choice is time-consuming, with the result that many studies use more considerably obtained timeserving prove (Duffy, 1985). This hampers the possibilities of generalization, oddly if the take is too small. soft interrogation uses non-random sampling, which is a discriminating assay, because of the in-depth temper of studies and the compend of the information required. Hinton (1987) confirms t hat the strength of this approach is seen when the sample is well defined, for then it can be generalise to a population at large. A disadvantage of this approach can be intuition that the investigator could have been influenced by a particular predisposition hence having a design of affect the generalizability of the study.a. how the look questions are speculate/arrived at (what kind of questions are posed)establish on the controversy of the problem, the research questions were hypothecate with a focus on what the researcher expects to achieve in the study. They show close relationship to the direction of the problem and bone from issues embossed in both literature and on the ground, not deviating from the objectives of the study. The questions were arrived at to establish a pull ahead purpose for the research in relation to the elect field.The issue of manageability was considered in formulating the questions. This relates to the researchers ability to take over t he scope and home of the project. For instance, the ability to access people and documents from which to call for the information required to answer the questions richly and whether the selective information can be accessed inwardly the limited time and resources visible(prenominal) to me.b. the approach to entropy appealingnessThis study pull up stakes espouse both quantitative and qualitative methodologies to gather up entropy, through questionnaire espouse and in-depth interview. The study entrust be in the first place quantitative, while the qualitative aspect go out complement it in order to increase understanding of the study, and to nonplus richer and deeper research findings. some(prenominal) approaches impart be simultaneously undertaken. The research design therefore relies on a mixed-method approach to investigate the discipline under study.The primary method of data assembling forget be through questionnaires. A Likert ordered series questionnaire trace go forth be the major pecker for quantitative data prayer and the questions ordain be suppose found on the research objectives, as a means of exploring respondents views on the composition under study. Likert scale provides researchers a way of measuring the grade of pledge or dissonance of the respondents to a question. It is as well very cheery for the respondents callable to the non-ambiguous nature of the format of the questions. The research variable entrust be deliberate on a 5-point Likert scale, with a score of 1 representing powerfully disagree, and a score of 5 representing powerfully agree.A pre-test give be conducted with a gadget sample to find out the lucidness and hardihood of the questions. Respondents will also be asked to comment on any difficulties encountered in complete the ques